NDLI: M-Class Solar Flares in Solar Cycles 23 and 24: Properties and Space Weather Relevance

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M-Class Solar Flares in Solar Cycles 23 and 24: Properties and Space Weather Relevance

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Miteva, Rositsa Samwel, Susan W.
Copyright Year	2022
Abstract	A comprehensive statistical analysis on the properties and accompanied phenomena of all M-class solar flares (as measured in soft X-rays) in the last two solar cycles (1996–2019) is presented here with a focus on their space weather potential. The information about the parent active region and the underlying sunspot (Hale) type is collected for each case, where possible, in order to identify photospheric precondition as precursors for the solar flare eruption or confinement. Associations with coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particles, and interplanetary radio emissions are also evaluated and discussed as possible proxies for flare eruption and subsequent space weather relevance. The results show that the majority (∼80%) of the analyzed M-class flares are of $β$ , $β$ - $γ$ , and $β$ - $γ$ - $δ$ magnetic field configuration. The M-class population of flares is accompanied by CMEs in 41% of the cases and about half of the flare sample has been associated with radio emission from electron beams. A much lower association (≲10%) is obtained with shock wave radio signatures and energetic particles. Furthermore, a parametric scheme is proposed in terms of occurrence rates between M-class flares and a variety of accompanied solar phenomena as a function of flare sub-classes or magnetic type. This study confirms the well-known reduced but inevitable space weather importance of M-class flares.
Starting Page	39
e-ISSN	22181997
DOI	10.3390/universe8010039
Journal	Universe
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	8
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-01-10
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Universe Astronomy and Astrophysics Space Weather Solar Flares Coronal Mass Ejections Solar Radio Bursts Solar Energetic Particles
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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