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Interpolation-Based Fusion of Sentinel-5P, SRTM, and Regulatory-Grade Ground Stations Data for Producing Spatially Continuous Maps of $PM_{2.5}$ Concentrations Nationwide over Thailand
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Han, Shinhye Kundhikanjana, Worasom Towashiraporn, Peeranan Stratoulias, Dimitris |
| Copyright Year | 2022 |
| Description | Atmospheric pollution has recently drawn significant attention due to its proven adverse effects on public health and the environment. This concern has been aggravated specifically in Southeast Asia due to increasing vehicular use, industrial activity, and agricultural burning practices. Consequently, elevated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations have become a matter of intervention for national authorities who have addressed the needs of monitoring air pollution by operating ground stations. However, their spatial coverage is limited and the installation and maintenance are costly. Therefore, alternative approaches are necessary at national and regional scales. In the current paper, we investigated interpolation models to fuse $PM_{2.5}$ measurements from ground stations and satellite data in an attempt to produce spatially continuous maps of $PM_{2.5}$ nationwide over Thailand. Four approaches are compared, namely the inverse distance weighted (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), random forest (RF), and random forest combined with OK (RFK) leveraging on the $NO_{2}$, $SO_{2}$, CO, HCHO, AI, and $O_{3}$ products from the Sentinel-5P satellite, regulatory-grade ground $PM_{2.5}$ measurements, and topographic parameters. The results suggest that RFK is the most robust, especially when the pollution levels are moderate or extreme, achieving an RMSE value of 7.11 $μg/m^{3}$ and an $R^{2}$ value of 0.77 during a 10-day long period in February, and an RMSE of 10.77 $μg/m^{3}$ and $R^{2}$ and 0.91 during the entire month of March. The proposed approach can be adopted operationally and expanded by leveraging regulatory-grade stations, low-cost sensors, as well as upcoming satellite missions such as the GEMS and the Sentinel-5. |
| Starting Page | 161 |
| e-ISSN | 20734433 |
| DOI | 10.3390/atmos13020161 |
| Journal | Atmosphere |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| Volume Number | 13 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2022-01-20 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Atmosphere Remote Sensing Spatial Interpolation Pm2.5 Data Fusion Machine Learning Sentinel-5p Air Quality Inverse Distance Weighted Kriging Random Forest |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
