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Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Chełchowski, Łukasz Al-Saadi, Mohammed Patkowski, Bartosz Zaremba, Maciej Karwat, Agnieszka Pol, Mateusz Mierlo, Joeri Van Berecibar, Maitane |
| Copyright Year | 2021 |
| Description | This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize $CO_{2}$ emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet. |
| Starting Page | 10639 |
| e-ISSN | 20711050 |
| DOI | 10.3390/su131910639 |
| Journal | Sustainability |
| Issue Number | 19 |
| Volume Number | 13 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2021-09-25 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Sustainability Transportation Science and Technology Electric Vehicles E-bus Fleet Fast Charging Slow Charging Smart Charging Li-ion Batteries Battery Management System Operational Loads Operational Cost Total Cost of Ownership (tco) Power Grid Dso |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
