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Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Shamim, Nimat Thomsen, Edwin Viswanathan, Vilayanur Reed, David Sprenkle, Vincent Li, Guosheng |
| Copyright Year | 2021 |
| Description | With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days). |
| Starting Page | 2280 |
| e-ISSN | 19961944 |
| DOI | 10.3390/ma14092280 |
| Journal | Materials |
| Issue Number | 9 |
| Volume Number | 14 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2021-04-28 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Materials Energy and Fuel Technology Sodium Nickel Chloride Battery Zebra Battery Grid Energy Storage Peak Shaving Duty Cycle Long-term Cycling |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
