NDLI: Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving

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Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Clemens, Schartmüller Andreas, Löcken Weigl, Klemens Wintersberger, Philipp Steinhauser, Marco Riener, Andreas
Copyright Year	2021
Description	(1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study ( $N=53$ ) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance.
Starting Page	21
e-ISSN	24144088
DOI	10.3390/mti5040021
Journal	Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
Issue Number	4
Volume Number	5
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2021-04-18
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Multimodal Technologies and Interaction Ergonomics Automated Driving Take-over Requests Conditional Automation Non-driving Related Tasks Eye-tracking Performance Behavior Displays Productivity Visual Attention
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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