NDLI: Centrally Adapted Optimal Control of Multiple Electric Water Heaters

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Centrally Adapted Optimal Control of Multiple Electric Water Heaters

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Ritchie, Michael J. Engelbrecht, Jacobus A. A. Booysen, Marthinus J.
Copyright Year	2022
Description	Breakthroughs in smart grid technology make it possible to deliver electricity in controlled and intelligent ways to improve energy efficiency between the user and the utility. Demand-side management strategies can reduce overall energy usage and shift consumption to reduce peak loads. Electric water heaters account for 40% of residential energy consumption. Since they are thermal storage devices, advanced control strategies can improve their efficiency. However, existing methods disregard the connection between the user and the grid. We propose a centrally adapted control model that allows for coordinated scheduling to adapt the optimal control schedule of each EWH, spreading the load into off-peak periods to ensure that the grid’s generation capacity is not exceeded. We consider two strategies for the delivery of hot water: temperature matching, and energy matching with Legionella sterilisation, and compare them to a baseline strategy where the thermostat is always switched on. Simulation results for a grid of 77 EWHs showed that an unconstrained peak load of 1.05 kW/EWH can be reduced as low as 0.4 kW/EWH and achieve a median energy saving per EWH of 0.38 kWh/day for the temperature matching strategy and 0.64 kWh/day for the energy matching strategy, without reducing the user’s comfort.
Starting Page	1521
e-ISSN	19961073
DOI	10.3390/en15041521
Journal	Energies
Issue Number	4
Volume Number	15
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-02-18
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Energies Industrial Engineering Electric Water Heaters Demand-side Management Peak Demand Reduction Smart Grid
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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