NDLI: Frequency evaluation of the Nordic power system using PMU measurements

Content Provider	IET Digital Library
Author	Persson, Mattias Chen, Peiyuan
Abstract	This study investigates the frequency behaviour in the Nordic power system (NPS) utilising phasor measurement units (PMUs) from different locations in the system. Different metrics are selected or proposed to quantify the system frequency response in case of major disturbances and of daily normal operations. Based on the collected PMU data, there are on average 17.5 major, generator disconnection related, disturbances per year. The maximum absolute rate of change of frequency exceeds 0.1 Hz/s for 20% of these disturbances. The average frequency nadir falls to 49.7 Hz, and the average time to nadir is about 8.7 s. If wind turbines were to be requested to provide inertia support to the system, these four metrics indicate how often, how fast, for how much and for how long the wind turbines should act. Moreover, during daily normal operations, the system has in general longer duration of over-frequency (f > 50.1 Hz) than under-frequency (f < 49.9 Hz). These frequency deviations are observed to occur around the hourly clearing of the Nord Pool Spot market and, especially during the hours between 05:00 and 08:00. In order to improve the frequency quality, the Nordic system operators tested and implemented an automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) in addition to the existing manual one. Based on a frequency evaluation, this aFRR is needed most during 4:45–08:15 and 22:00–23:30 o'clock in 2012 in the NPS.
Starting Page	2879
Ending Page	2887
Page Count	9
ISSN	17518687
Volume Number	11
e-ISSN	17518695
Issue Number	Issue 11, Aug (2017)
Alternate Webpage(s)	https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/iet-gtd/11/11
Alternate Webpage(s)	https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0095
Journal	IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Publisher Date	2017-06-06
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Subject Keyword	Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve Frequency Behaviour Frequency Deviations Frequency Evaluation Frequency Quality Frequency Response FRR-A Nord Pool Spot Market Nordic Power System Nordic System Operators NPS Phasor Measurement Phasor Measurement Unit PMU Measurement Power Market Power System Economics Power System Managemen Power System Measurement And Metering Power System Operation System Frequency Response Wind Power Plant Wind Turbine
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Control and Systems Engineering Energy Engineering and Power Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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