NDLI: The physics of "vacuum" breakdown

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Paper index — Volume II

New results from experimental and numerical investigations of the self-magnetically BΘ-insulated ion diode

Generation of strong radial magnetic insulation fields in high power ion diodes in extraction geometrie

Ion beam generation with inhomogeneous anode and cathode plasmas

Ion diode simulation for pulsed power generators with stationary codes

Simulation of a Br ion diode

Ion beam divergence from unstable fluctuations in applied-B diodes

QUICKSILVER simulations of applied-B extraction diodes

Operation of a high impedance applied-B extraction ion diode on the SABRE positive polarity linear induction accelerator

LiF ion source performance on PBFA II

Spectroscopic characterization of LEVIS active ion source on PBFA II

Laser formation of lithium plasma ion sources for applied-B ion diodes on the PBFA-II accelerator

Formation process of negative ions in a magnetically insulated diode

Magnetically insulated $H^{−}$ diodes

Anode discharge to facilitate cathode plasma formation for generation of $H^{−},$ $C^{−},$ $F^{−},$ $I^{−}$ and $Pb^{−}$ ions

$H^{−}$ generation using an externally applied prepulse

Laser plasma productions and laser diagnostics for pulsed ion sources

Improved flash-board for plasma injection diode

Production of pulsed $F^{−}$ beams

Characteristics of high power ion diode with real cathode

Characteristics of ion beam and anode plasma in "Point Pinch Diode"

Point focusing of intense ion beam by spherical "plasma focus diode"

Characteristics of the intense ion beams generated with the Point Pinch Diode

Experimental study of the pinch-beam diode with thin, unbacked foil anodes

Experiments on generation of High Power Ion Beam in plasma-filled diode

Light ion driver research for inertial fusion

Fast magnetic field penetration into an intense neutralized ion beam

Divergence in intense ion beams caused by incomplete charge neutralization

Spectroscopic studies of intense ion beam propagation in the PBFA-II gas cell

Ballistic focus light ion beams for an inertial confinement fusion reactor

Ion beam transport and focusing experiments

Focusing of intense ion beams with a plasma-filled solenoidal magnetic lens including self-fields

Ion beam modeling using ARGUS

ESQ focusing for an intense, high-brightness $H^{−}$ beam: Emittance growth and its remedy

Orion project: Acceleration of cluster ions and highly charged biomolecules from 10 MeV to 1 GeV

Ion beam transport in a preionized plasma channel

Steering algorithms for a heavy-ion recirculating accelerator

Generation of ultra high pressure with light ion beams

Target experiments with light-ion beams at KALIF: Measurements of the dynamic strength and spallation threshold of metals at high strain rates

Generation of extreme states in condensed matter by high power ion beams

Pulsed-ion-beam driven ablation of material near its sublimation energy

Charge fluctuations, energy straggling, and multiple scattering in intense ion beam-target interaction

Particle driven inertial fusion through cluster ion beam

An analysis of cluster-driven Inertial Confinement Fusion

Small-scale targets for heavy-ion driven inertial confinement fusion experiments

Theoretical evaluation of the angular spread of the electron beam generated in a guiding magnetic field

New results on microsecond E-beam generation for plasma heating experiments

Bremsstrahlung production by microsecond E-beam from thin foil in a mirror trap

Foilless injection of reb into a dense plasma

Frequency regime of high current relativista electron beams interacting witn various gaseous media

Spectra of Langmuir turbulence excited by high-current REB

Electric field strength measurements in a Megavolt vacuum diode using laser induced fluorescence of an atomic beam

Two-stage dense plasma heating by 100 kJ E-beam

Soft X-ray measurements of μS-E-beam-heated plasma

Ultra-violate flash lamp on the noble gas dimers exited by an e-beam

Conductivity of plasma created by REB in argon

Microwave generation and charge particle acceleration by high current relativistic electron beams

Electron beam diodes using ferroelectric cathodes

The NSWC microchannel electron source program

Long pulse, plasma cathode E-gun

Controlling the emission current from a plasma cathode

Formation of intense convergent particle beams in a gas-discharge-plasma-emitter diode

Formation and transportation of a microsecond high-current electron beam in a plasma-anode gun

Ribbon REB research on 0.7 MJ generator U-2

High brightness hollow cathode electron beam source

High-current-density cathode operation and beam transport with steady-state and pulsed cathode heating methods

High gradient acceleration in a 17 GHz photocathode RF gun

Beam generation with the 4-MV RLA injector and acceleration through the ET-2 post-accelerating cavity

Design and evaluation of the XBT diode

The physics of "vacuum" breakdown

Simulations of a plasma-filled pinched electron beam diode

One-dimensional numerical simulation of plasma filled planar diode

Nonlinear dynamics in a reflex diode

Post acceleration of a pseudospark-produced high-brightness electron beam

Time-resolved beam energy measurement of short electron beam bunches with a longitudinal velocity tilt

The effects of beam parameters on bremsstrahlung exposure angular distribution

Bremsstrahlung radiation on the SNOP facilities

Theory of the bremsstrahlung converter for raising energy extraction in the range 10–100 keV

High-intensity flash X-ray production by REB

Harmonic emission in a dielectric medium with a uniform magnetic field

Bremsstrahlung risetime shortening by diode geometry reconfiguration

Application of a small angular spread beam in the reflected REB regime on REBEX machine

An experimental study of strong turbulence driven by an intense relativistic electron beam

Intense electron beam radius-tailoring experiment for propagation studies

Theory of wakefield and J × B drift effects of a relativistic electron beam propagating in a plasma

Relativistic electron beam propagation in high pressure gaseous media

Transport of high current, relativistic electron beams using active-wire BΘ cell techniques

IFR transport experiments on the SuperIBEX accelerator

Beam profile diagnostics on the NRL SuperIBEX experiment

Asymptotic and nonlinear evolution of the electron-hose instability of a REB propagating in the ion-focused regime

Theory and simulation of the resistive hose instability in relativistic electron beams

Electron beam propagation in the ion-focused and resistive regimes

Conditions for stable operation in a helical quadrupole focusing accelerator

A high-order moment simulation model

Refined definition of the beam brightness as the arithmetic mean of the distribution function

Electron beam transport

Generation and characteristics of high power long pulse electron beam (propagation in vacuum within different pressure)

Generation of microwave oscillations in an electrodynamic system with plasma-beam interaction

Cyclotron radiation of a REB injected into increasing magnetic field

Long pulse electron beam propagation

Fast H-alpha line broadening during the 100 ns REB injection into a plasma

The beam current diagnosing in large area diodes

The strength calculation for a foil coaxial shunt

An offset model radiation calorimeter

Intraband radioluminescence of dielectrics: Properties and applications to high power beams diagnostics

Computer assisted diagnostics on a High-Power Microwave system

Squeezed states of high-current electron beam in a system with virtual cathode

Electron beam deflection diagnostic

Electron beam potential measurements on an inductive-store, opening-switch accelerator

A new time-resolved energy-flux gauge for pulsed ion beams

Theoretical spectroscopic analysis of intense ion beam-plasma interaction in the PBFA II gas cell

Multi-dimensional diagnostics of high power ion beams by Arrayed Pinhole Camera system

Volume 1 - 1992

1990 8th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams

1983 5th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams

The physics of "vacuum" breakdown

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Schwirzke, F. Hallal, M.P. Maruyama, X.K.
Copyright Year	1992
Description	Author affiliation: Naval Postgrad. Sch., Monterey, CA, USA (Schwirzke, F.; Hallal, M.P.; Maruyama, X.K.)
Abstract	The initial plasma formation on the surface of a cathode of a vacuum diode, vacuum arc, and many other discharges is highly non-uniform. Micron-sized cathode spots form within nanoseconds. Despite the fundamental importance of cathode spots for the breakdown process, their structure, and the source of the required high energy density were not well understood. When an increasing voltage is applied, enhanced field emission of electrons begins from a growing number of small spots or whiskers. This and the impact of ions stimulate desorption of weakly bound adsorbates from the surface of a whisker. The cross section for ionization of the neutrals has a maximum for ~ 100 eV electrons. As the diode voltage increases, the 100 V equipotential surface which moves towards the cathode is met by the desorbed neutrals moving away from the cathode. These two regions proceed from no overlap to a significant amount of overlap on a nanosecond time scale. This results in the sharp risetime for the onset of ionization. Ions produced in the ionization region, a few μm from the electron emitting spot are accelerated back. This bombardment with ~ 100 eV ions leads to surface heating of the spot. Since the ion energy is deposited only within a few atomic layers at a time instead of an entire whisker volume, and since the neutral contaminants are only loosely bound to the surface, the onset of breakdown by this mechanism requires much less current than the joule heating mechanism. Ion surface heating is initially orders of magnitude larger than joule heating. As more ions are produced, a positive space charge layer forms which enhances the electric field and thus strongly enhances the field emitted electron current. The localized build-up of plasma above the electron emitting spot then naturally leads to pressure and electric field distributions which ignite unipolar arcs. The high current density of the unipolar arc and the associated surface heating by ions provide the "explosive" formation of a cathode spot plasma.
Starting Page	1153
Ending Page	1158
File Size	695185
Page Count	6
File Format	PDF
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	1992-05-25
Publisher Place	USA
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	National Technical Information Service
Subject Keyword	Electric breakdown Ionization Heating Plasmas Surface treatment Cathodes
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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