NDLI: Closed form and geometric algorithms for real-time control of an avatar

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Semwal, S.K. Hightower, R. Stansfield, S.
Copyright Year	1996
Description	Author affiliation: Sandia Nat. Labs., Albuquerque, NM, USA (Semwal, S.K.; Hightower, R.; Stansfield, S.)
Abstract	In a virtual environment with multiple participants, it is necessary that the user's actions be replicated by synthetic human forms. Whole-body digitizers would be the most realistic solution for capturing the individual participant's human form, however the best of the digitizers available are not interactive and are therefore not suitable for real-time interaction. Usually, a limited number of sensors are used as constraints on the synthetic human form. Inverse kinematics algorithms are applied to satisfy these sensor constraints. These algorithms result in slower interaction because of their iterative nature, especially when there are a large number of participants. To support real-time interaction in a virtual environment, there is a need to generate closed-form solutions and fast searching algorithms. In this paper, a new closed-form solution for the arms (and legs) is developed using two magnetic sensors. In developing this solution, we use the biomechanical relationship between the lower arm and the upper arm to provide an analytical, non-iterative solution. We have also outlined a solution for the whole human body by using up to ten magnetic sensors to break the human skeleton into smaller kinematic chains. In developing our algorithms, we use the knowledge of natural body postures to generate faster solutions for real-time interaction.
Starting Page	177
Ending Page	184
File Size	840129
Page Count	8
File Format	PDF
ISBN	081867296X
DOI	10.1109/VRAIS.1996.490526
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	1996-03-30
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Humans Iterative algorithms Virtual environment Kinematics Closed-form solution Magnetic sensors Arm Leg Magnetic analysis Skeleton
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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