NDLI: Size effects in capped ceramic underwater sound projectors

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Newnham, R.E. Dogan, A. Markley, D.C. Tressler, J.F. Zhang, J. Uzgur, E. Meyer Jr., R.J. Hladky-Hennion, A.-C. Hughes, W.J.
Copyright Year	2002
Description	Author affiliation: Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA (Newnham, R.E.; Dogan, A.; Markley, D.C.; Tressler, J.F.; Zhang, J.; Uzgur, E.; Meyer, R.J., Jr.; Hladky-Hennion, A.-C.; Hughes, W.J.)
Abstract	Cymbal transducers are small, thin Class V flextensional transducers. A single cymbal element consists of a piezoelectric disk sandwiched between two metal cymbal-shaped endcaps which serve as mechanical transformers, converting the low impedance, small extensional motion of the ceramic into high impedance, large flextensional motion of the endcap. A cymbal transducer element is very small, with a thin profile. A single element is characterized by high Q, low efficiency, and medium power capability. When comparing cymbals to other transducers, the designer should consider their use in large flexible, low cost arrays. This paper represents the work of eight researchers over a period of several years. The effects of changes in materials and dimensions on the cymbal-type flextensional transducers, in-air and water-loaded, were examined experimentally and through finite-element-analysis (FEA). Experimental and FEA calculated results matched quite well. After gaining experience and confidence in the FEA models, extensive parametric studies were performed using FEA to investigate the size and material effects on cymbal transducer characteristics. The scaling factor (i.e., overall size), endcap stiffness, and cavity design have the strongest influence on resonance frequency. Adjusting the dimensions and materials used for drivers and endcaps provides a range in the fundamental flexural frequency from about 5 to 150 kHz in water. These results also indicate trends that can be used to extend the ranges further. The scaling factor, cavity depth, and PZT thickness had the strongest effects on the projector/receiver performance (TVR/FFVS). Investigations are underway to combine and optimize some of these parameters for potentially significant improvements in bandwidth and efficiency.
Starting Page	2315
Ending Page	2321
File Size	457480
Page Count	7
File Format	PDF
ISBN	0780375343
DOI	10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191990
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2002-10-29
Publisher Place	USA
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Ceramics Piezoelectric transducers Acoustic transducers Impedance Transformers Costs Finite element methods Parametric study Resonance Resonant frequency
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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