NDLI: Passive microwave signature observations of Baltic Sea ice

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Makynen, M. Hallikainen, M.
Copyright Year	1999
Description	Author affiliation: Lab. of Space Technol., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Espoo, Finland (Makynen, M.)
Abstract	Passive microwave signatures of different Baltic Sea ice types and open water leads were measured in the spring of 1995 and in March 1997 with airborne non-imaging microwave radiometers (MWR) operating in the frequency range from 6.8 to 36.5 GHz. The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed brackish sea water (salinity <6 ppt) basin in northern Europe. The ice cover in the Baltic Sea begins to form in November. It reaches its maximum extent usually in late February or early March, and usually all ice melts by the end of May. The maximum annual ice cover ranges from 12% to 100% of the whole Baltic Sea area. On the average, the maximum is around 50%. The ice in the Baltic Sea occurs as fast ice and drift ice. Fast ice is found in the coastal and archipelago areas. Sea ice in the open sea occurs as drift ice which can be level, rafted or ridged with a 0-100% coverage. The MWR data sets are used to study: 1) number of main dimensions of data sets, 2) discrimination of open water from sea ice and classification of various ice types using different MWR channel combinations, and 3) suitability of the SSM/I ice concentration algorithms for mapping the Baltic Sea ice. The effect of snow cover wetness is also studied.
Starting Page	101
Ending Page	103
File Size	294152
Page Count	3
File Format	PDF
ISBN	0780352076
DOI	10.1109/IGARSS.1999.773414
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	1999-06-28
Publisher Place	Germany
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Sea ice Snow Radiometers Sea measurements Frequency Space technology Springs Testing Aircraft Volume measurement
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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