NDLI: Brief history of the development of ultra-precise oscillators for ground and space applications

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Norton, J.R. Cloeren, J.M. Sulzer, P.G.
Copyright Year	1996
Description	Author affiliation: Appl. Phys. Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA (Norton, J.R.)
Abstract	The evolution of today's ultra-precise oscillators is presented beginning with their origins, which were directly related to the development of the 2.5and 5-MHz AT-cut resonator, designed by Warner at Bell Laboratories in 1952 and the introduction of the first all-transistorized frequency standard by Sulzer Laboratories in 1958. Ultra-precise oscillator performance is ultimately dominated by the quartz resonator, and quartz resonator performance has improved dramatically since the original Warner resonator design. The improvements were achieved by refinements to the initial Warner design and improved resonator fabrication techniques, the development of a new SC-cut resonator, and a new resonator design, the BVA. The size reduction of resonators and the ability of the resonators to survive harsh environments has allowed the size of ultra-precise oscillators to be greatly reduced while still retaining excellent frequency stability. The relationship between resonator development and oscillator development is presented. Ultra-precise quartz oscillators have demonstrated 24-hour aging rates of <1/spl times/10/sup -12/ and Allan variances of <6/spl times/10/sup -14/ at 10 and 100 s. Oscillators with a #(f) phase noise floor of <-175 dBc and <-135 dBc 1 Hz from the carrier have been reported. Environmentally induced changes in the oscillator output frequency are as low as <1/spl times/10/sup -12/ per unit measure with the exception of acceleration and ionizing radiation. The physical parameters of ultra-precise oscillators have been reduced to a volume of <300 cm/sup 3/ and a mass of <300 g. DC input power for an ultra-precise oscillator can be <0.5 W at 25/spl deg/C. All of these performance parameters probably cannot be achieved in one oscillator but many of them can, and the performance parameters illustrate the capability of today's oscillators.
Starting Page	47
Ending Page	57
File Size	849206
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISBN	0780333098
DOI	10.1109/FREQ.1996.559818
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	1996-06-05
Publisher Place	USA
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	History Oscillators Standards development Laboratories Fabrication Stability Aging Phase noise Frequency measurement Measurement units
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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