NDLI: Characterization of ZnO, <formula formulatype=inline> <tex Notation=TeX>${rm BaF}_{2}$</tex></formula> and <formula formulatype=inline> <tex Notation=TeX>${rm PbWO}_{4}$</tex></formula> Scintillator Detectors for Cargo Inspection <newline/>Using Transmitted X-ray Spectroscopy

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Sinha, S. Kwong, J. Langeveld, W.G.J. Ryge, P.
Copyright Year	1963
Abstract	We report on a feasibility study of scintillation detectors with fast decay times which might be used to enable spectroscopy in a high-count-rate, high-energy x-ray environment, such as is used for cargo inspection. Such detectors need to have a small size and high density in order to reliably detect x rays between 1 and 9 MeV with good spatial resolution and need to be suitable for read-out with semiconductor photo-detectors. Three inorganic scintillator detectors with decay constants less than 10 ns were selected: ZnO (in the form of wafers of 4.5 × 0.5 × 20 mm and single crystals of 5 × 5 × 30 mm ), BaF₂ (5 × 5 × 30 mm) and PbWO₄ (6 × 6 × 20 mm). ZnO has a known problem of self-absorption of the emitted scintillation light. Using the wafers to create stacks of different thicknesses, the effective attenuation length was determined to be 2.25 ±0.25 mm for one batch of ZnO and 1.5±0.3 mm for another batch, making ZnO unlikely for the proposed use. Although the larger ZnO crystal also scintillates, light transmission was so poor that no signal was measured in tests with gamma ray sources. ZnO was thus discarded as a viable candidate for the purposes of this study. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pulses produced by BaF₂ was measured to be ~2 ns, consistent with being dominated by the response of the photomultiplier tube used in the measurement. BaF₂ by itself, however, emits in the UV, which is unsuitable for use with semiconductor readout. In another series of measurements, BaF₂ was coupled to fast wavelength-shifting PVT sheets with Eljen DSB1 dye, and the FWHM of the signal measured this way was ~4.8 ns, with a fast decay constant of ~11.2 ns . The long decay component appears to be suppressed somewhat by the use of the wavelength shifter. The measured FWHM of the pulses produced by PbWO₄ was ~3 ns, with a decay constant of ~8.3 ns and no long component. These results suggest that dense sub-10-ns scintillators exist that can be used for high-count-rate x-ray cargo inspection with good spatial resolution. PbWO₄ is very dense, has no long decay component or self-attenuation and scintillates in the visible spectrum, but due to its low light output, it needs to be read out by a silicon photomultiplier or similar device. BaF₂ is a possible alternative, when used in combination with a fast wavelength shifter.
Sponsorship	IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Computer Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Sciences (CANPS) Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. APS College of William and Mary Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility NASA Defence Nuclear Agency Sandia National Laboratories Jet Propulsion Laboratory Brookhaven Nat. Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab IEEE/NPPS Radiat. Effects Committee Defence Nuclear Agency/DoD Sandia National Laboratories/DOE Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA Phillips Lab./DoD
Starting Page	1016
Ending Page	1023
Page Count	8
File Size	1949630
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189499
Volume Number	60
Issue Number	2
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2013-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Zinc oxide Detectors Crystals Semiconductor device measurement Attenuation X-ray imaging Inspection ZnO ${\rm BaF}_{2}$ cargo inspection ${\rm PbWO}_{4}$ scintillators X-ray spectroscopy
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nuclear and High Energy Physics Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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