NDLI: Controlled Unilateral Isometric Force Generated by Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Rat Hindlimb

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Dougherty, J.B. Goodman, J.M. Knudsen, E.B. Moxon, K.A.
Copyright Year	2001
Abstract	Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has often been used to restore stereotypic locomotor movements after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, restoring freeform movement requires specific force generation and independently controlled limbs for changing environments. Therefore, a second stimulus location would be advantageous, controlling force separately from locomotor movements. In normal and transected rats treated with mineral oil or saline, EES was performed at L1-L6 vertebral levels, caudal to spinal segments typical for locomotion, identifying secondary sites capable of activating hindlimb musculature, producing unilateral force at the paw. Threshold for generating force was identified and stimulation amplitude and duration varied to assess effects on evoked forces. Stimulation at L2 and L3 vertebral levels elicited negative vertical forces from extensor musculature while stimulation at L4 and L5 elicited positive vertical forces from flexion musculature. Thresholds were unchanged with transection or hydration method. Peak force magnitude was significantly correlated to stimulus amplitude, and response duration significantly correlated to stimulus duration in all animals. No differences were found in correlation coefficients or slopes of the regression for force or duration analyses with spinal condition or hydration method. This model demonstrates the ability to induce controlled forces with EES after SCI.
Sponsorship	IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Page Count	8
File Size	878952
Starting Page	549
Ending Page	556
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15344320
Volume Number	20
Issue Number	4
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2012-07-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Force Correlation Minerals Spinal cord Rats Force measurement spinal cord injury (SCI) Brain–machine interface (BCI) neural control rehabilitative therapy
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neuroscience Rehabilitation Internal Medicine Biomedical Engineering Computer Science Applications

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