NDLI: SPAD Smart Pixel for Time-of-Flight and Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting Measurements

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Villa, F. Markovic, B. Bellisai, S. Bronzi, D. Tosi, A. Zappa, F. Tisa, S. Durini, D. Weyers, S. Paschen, U. Brockherde, W.
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	We present a smart pixel based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) for advanced time-of-flight (TOF) and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) applications, fabricated in a cost-effective 0.35- m CMOS technology. The large CMOS detector (30- m active area diameter) shows very low noise (12 counts per second at room temperature at 5-V excess bias) and high efficiency in a wide wavelength range (about 50% at 410 nm and still 5% at 800 nm). The analog front-end electronics promptly senses and quenches the avalanche, thus leading to an almost negligible afterpulsing effect. The in-pixel 10-bit time-to-digital converter (TDC) provides 312-ps resolution and 320-ns full-scale range (FSR), i.e., 10-cm single-shot spatial resolution within 50-m depth range in a TOF system. The in-pixel 10-bit memory and output buffers make this smart pixel the viable building block for advanced single-photon imager arrays for 3-D depth ranging in safety and security applications and for 2-D fluorescence lifetime decays in biomedical imaging.
Starting Page	795
Ending Page	804
Page Count	10
File Size	1290156
File Format	PDF
ISSN	19430655
Volume Number	4
Issue Number	3
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2012-06-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Photonics CMOS integrated circuits Detectors CMOS technology Logic gates Clocks Timing fluorescence lifetime imaging CMOS imager single photon detector time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) time of flight (TOF) photon timing photon counting time-to-digital converter 3-D ranging 2-D imaging
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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