NDLI: Strategies for Generating Prolonged Functional Standing Using Intramuscular Stimulation or Intraspinal Microstimulation

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Strategies for Generating Prolonged Functional Standing Using Intramuscular Stimulation or Intraspinal Microstimulation

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Lau, B. Guevremont, L. Mushahwar, V.K.
Copyright Year	2001
Abstract	Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in the loss of the ability to stand. The goal of this study was to implement a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for restoring prolonged periods of standing after SCI. For this purpose, we tested two control strategies: open-loop and closed-loop control, and two stimulation paradigms: non-interleaved intramuscular stimulation (IM-S) and interleaved intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). The experiments were conducted in anesthetized cats. Stimulation was applied to the muscles through IM-S electrodes implanted in the main knee and ankle extensor muscles, or to the spinal cord through ultra-fine ISMS wires implanted within the ventral horn of the lumbosacral enlargement. The cats were partially supported over parallel force plates and accelerometers were secured to the hindlimbs above and below the ankle joint. Ground reaction forces and knee and ankle joint angles were measured by the force plates and accelerometers, respectively. The closed-loop controller used these feedback signals to modulate the amplitude of stimulation applied to the extensor muscles. The open-loop controller applied constant levels of stimulation which were determined before the onset of each trial. The duration of standing achieved using closed-loop control of IM-S was significantly longer than that achieved with open-loop control (~2 times longer). The increase in the duration of standing corresponded with a decrease in the rate of force decay and a lower average injected current during closed-loop control. Standing was further improved with the use of ISMS. Closed-loop control of interleaved ISMS resulted in a period of standing > 3 times longer than the best trial generated using non-interleaved IM-S. There was also a significant improvement in the balance of force between the two hindlimbs. The results suggest that a system which uses closed-loop control in conjunction with interleaved ISMS could achieve prolonged FES standing in people with SCI.
Sponsorship	IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Page Count	13
File Size	573619
Starting Page	273
Ending Page	285
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15344320
Volume Number	15
Issue Number	2
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2007-06-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Open loop systems Muscles Cats Knee Accelerometers Force measurement Spinal cord injury Neuromuscular stimulation Testing Electrodes spinal cord injury Adult cat closed-loop control feedback functional electrical stimulation open-loop control
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neuroscience Rehabilitation Internal Medicine Biomedical Engineering Computer Science Applications

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