NDLI: Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Alattar, A.M.
Copyright Year	1992
Abstract	A reversible watermarking algorithm with very high data-hiding capacity has been developed for color images. The algorithm allows the watermarking process to be reversed, which restores the exact original image. The algorithm hides several bits in the difference expansion of vectors of adjacent pixels. The required general reversible integer transform and the necessary conditions to avoid underflow and overflow are derived for any vector of arbitrary length. Also, the potential payload size that can be embedded into a host image is discussed, and a feedback system for controlling this size is developed. In addition, to maximize the amount of data that can be hidden into an image, the embedding algorithm can be applied recursively across the color components. Simulation results using spatial triplets, spatial quads, cross-color triplets, and cross-color quads are presented and compared with the existing reversible watermarking algorithms. These results indicate that the spatial, quad-based algorithm allows for hiding the largest payload at the highest signal-to-noise ratio.
Sponsorship	IEEE Signal Processing Society
Page Count	10
File Size	1932675
Starting Page	1147
Ending Page	1156
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10577149
Volume Number	13
Issue Number	8
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2004-08-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Watermarking Payloads Image restoration Signal to noise ratio Steganography Degradation Color Feedback Size control Control systems
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design Software

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