NDLI: Hybrid pixel-based data hiding and block-based watermarking for error-diffused halftone images

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Soo-Chang Pei Jing-Ming Guo
Copyright Year	1991
Abstract	A low computational complexity noise-balanced error diffusion (NBEDF) technique is proposed for embedding watermarks into error-diffused images. The visual decoding pattern can be perceived when two or more similar NBEDF images are overlaid, even in a high activity region. Also, with the modified improved version of NBEDF, two halftone images can be made from two totally different gray-tone images, and still provide a clear and sharp visual decoding pattern. With self-decoding techniques, we can also decode the pattern with only one NBEDF image. However, the NBEDF method is not so robust to damage due to printing or other distortions. Thus, a kernels-alternated error diffusion (KAEDF) technique is proposed. By using them alternately in the halftone process, we find that two well-known kernels (Jarvis, J.F. et al., 1976; Stucki, P., 1981) are compatible. In the decoder, because the spectral distributions of Jarvis and Stucki kernels are different in the 2D fast Fourier transform domain, we use the cumulative squared Euclidean distance criterion to determine each cell in a watermarked halftone image belonging to either Jarvis or Stucki, and then decode the watermark. Furthermore, because the detailed textures of Jarvis and Stucki patterns are somewhat different in the spatial domain, the lookup table (LUT) technique is also used for fast decoding. From simulation results, the correct decoding rates for both techniques are high and extremely robust, even after printing and scanning processes. Finally, we extend the hybrid NBEDF and KAEDF algorithms to two color EDF halftone images, where 8 independent KAEDF watermarks and 16 NBEDF watermarks can be inserted and still achieve a high-quality result.
Sponsorship	IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
Starting Page	867
Ending Page	884
Page Count	18
File Size	4713351
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10518215
Volume Number	13
Issue Number	8
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2003-08-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Pixel Data encapsulation Watermarking Decoding Robustness Printing Kernel Table lookup Computational complexity Fast Fourier transforms
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Media Technology

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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