NDLI: Recent progress in primary Cs beam frequency standards at the PTB

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Becker, Gerhard
Copyright Year	1963
Description	The deflection of cesium (Cs) atomic beams using quadrupole and hexapole magnets, or combinations of both, has been investigated. The beam efficiency and the atomic velocity distribution has been calculated for magnets with a cylindrical, conic or parabolic form, respectively. A combination of quadrupole and hexapole magnets allows the selection of atoms in the beam with a relative velocity range of a few percent. A new rectangular frequency modulation method has been developed using modulation widths of multiples of the line width enabling the detection of very small asymmetries of the Cs resonance. By improving the beam optics and lowering the average atomic velocity in the beam to less than 100 m/s, the relative uncertainty of the primary Cs standard CSI of the PTB could be reduced from 1.5 × 10⁻¹³ to 1 × 10⁻¹³. Measurements of the frequency of the International Atomic Time (TAI) since 1973 showed that on an average the relative frequency deviation from the nominal value is +(10.3 ± 1) × 10⁻¹³. TAI frequency measurements with CSI carried out between 1969 and 1973 had revealed a negative TAI-frequency drift.
Sponsorship	IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society Bureau international des poids et mesures IEEE International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) URSI NBS Agency Ind. Sci. & Technol., Min. Int. Trade & Ind. Sci. Council Japan International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) NIST NRCC National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL) Allen Osborne Associates Andeen-Hagerling, Inc. Ballantine Lab. Inc. Clarke-Hess Communications Research Corp. Fluke Corporation Guildline Instruments Hewlett-Packard Co. Julie Res. Lab. Inc. Keithley Instruments, Inc. Measurements International Ltd. Canada QuadTech Inc. Quantum Design Inc. Rotek Instrum. Corp. Tegam Inc. Tektronix Inc
Starting Page	458
Ending Page	465
Page Count	8
File Size	1601317
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189456
Volume Number	IM-25
Issue Number	4
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	1976-12-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Magnetic flux Standards Atomic beams Atomic clocks Magnetic resonance Atomic measurements Approximation methods
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Instrumentation Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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