NDLI: Nonequilibrium Modeling of Steam Plasma in a Nontransferred Direct-Current Torch

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Shiu-Wu Chau Chin-Ming Tai Shiaw-Huei Chen
Copyright Year	1973
Abstract	This paper proposes a magnetohydrodynamic model that does not assume local thermal equilibrium (LTE) to predict the flow field and electron temperature and species density distributions inside a direct-current nontransferred-arc steam torch with a well-type cathode at atmospheric pressure. A steady, axisymmetric flow is assumed, and the azimuthal velocity component is not neglected. A finite volume method is adopted to solve the continuity equation, the current continuity equation, the momentum equation, and the energy equation according to a k-ε turbulence model. Ohm's law is used to calculate the induced magnetic field, and Ampere's circuital law is adopted to compute the current distribution in space. Fifty-two chemical and plasma kinetic equations are employed to describe the interactions among the 12 main species of water plasma, H₂O, OH, H, O, H₂, O₂, HO₂, H₂O₂, O₃, H⁺, O⁺, and electrons, considered in this paper. The electron temperature is predicted from the transport equation based on the electron energy balance, whereas the transport coefficients of the plasma are obtained from the Chapman-Enskog solution of the Boltzmann equation. The thermal plasma flow of steam inside the plasma torch, which measures 503 mm in length and 9 mm in radius, is predicted to have I=180 A and Q=5 g/s. The non-LTE simulation suggests that a plasma temperature of 11600 K and flow velocity of 3.8 km/s can be achieved at the center of the torch outlet. Compared with the LTE model, the non-LTE calculation yields lower plasma temperature and higher axial velocity at the torch outlet. The calculated electron temperature principally varies between 1 and 3 eV, and energetic electrons occur not only near the electrode surfaces but also within the axial electric arc. The model predictions suggest that the thermal plasma is well approximated as LTE in the hot plasma core, which is characterized by an isothermal contour of 10 kK, and in the vicinity of the electrodes. The deviation from the LTE condition predominantly grows with the radial coordinate, and the temperature ratio approaches unity at the electrode surfaces. The dominant species components of the water plasma in the inner region (r<; 6 mm) at the torch outlet are monoatomic and ionic species of H and O, whereas the diatomic species and water molecule become relatively important in the outer region (r >6 mm) at the torch outlet.
Sponsorship	IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society
Starting Page	3797
Ending Page	3808
Page Count	12
File Size	2656355
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00933813
Volume Number	42
Issue Number	12
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2014-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Mathematical model Plasma temperature Electrodes Hydrodynamics Atmospheric modeling Magnetohydrodynamic power generation steam plasma. Nonequilibrium model nontransferred arc plasma torch steam plasma
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nuclear and High Energy Physics Condensed Matter Physics

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