NDLI: Head-Free, Remote Eye-Gaze Detection System Based on Pupil-Corneal Reflection Method With Easy Calibration Using Two Stereo-Calibrated Video Cameras

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Ebisawa, Y. Fukumoto, K.
Copyright Year	1964
Abstract	We have developed a pupil-corneal reflection method-based gaze detection system, which allows large head movements and achieves easy gaze calibration. This system contains two optical systems consisting of components such as a camera and a near-infrared light source attached to the camera. The light source has two concentric LED rings with different wavelengths. The inner and outer rings generate bright and dark pupil images, respectively. The pupils are detected from a difference image created by subtracting the bright and dark pupil images. The light source also generates the corneal reflection. The 3-D coordinates of the pupils are determined by the stereo matching method using two optical systems. The vector from the corneal reflection center to the pupil center in the camera image is determined as r. The angle between the line of sight and the line passing through the pupil center and the camera (light source) is denoted as θ. The relationship θ = k \| \bm r \| is assumed, where k is a constant. The theory implies that head movement of the user is allowed and facilitates the gaze calibration procedure. In the automatic calibration method, k is automatically determined while the user looks around on the PC screen without fixating on any specific calibration target. In the one-point calibration method, the user is asked to fixate on one calibration target at the PC screen in order to correct the difference between the optical and visual axes. In the two-point calibration method, in order to correct the nonlinear relationship between θ and \| r \|, the user is asked to fixate on two targets. The experimental results show that the three proposed calibration methods improve the precision of gaze detection step by step. In addition, the average gaze error in the visual angle is less than 1° for the seven head positions of the user.
Sponsorship	IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Page Count	9
File Size	1230540
Starting Page	2952
Ending Page	2960
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189294
Volume Number	60
Issue Number	10
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2013-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Calibration Cameras Light sources Optical imaging Head Adaptive optics Biomedical optical imaging pupil Corneal reflection gaze calibration gaze detection head-free
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Biomedical Engineering

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4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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