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| Content Provider | frontiers |
|---|---|
| Author | Huang, Christopher L.-H. Ferenczi, Emily A. Lei, Ming |
| Abstract | Optogenetic techniques modulate excitable membranes through activation of photosensitive opsin proteins functioning as light-gated channels, transporters or receptors. Of the known, prokaryotic, algal or fungal, type I, and animal, type II, opsins, the type I opsins have been the most frequently used experimentally since they were first to be expressed in mammalian neurons in the early 2000s. Optogenetic approaches circumvent disadvantages of traditional, direct electrical stimulation, methods, such as tissue toxicity, and enhance cellular and spatial specificity of stimulus effects through genetic or developmental targeting. These methods initially found neuroscience applications and these ranged widely from use in in vitro models to behaving animals, and in invertebrate through to mammalian systems (Boyden et al., 2005). They have more recently proved relevant to other excitable, particularly cardiac, tissues, in the latter case, particularly in fundamental scientific and translational studies of cardiac arrhythmogenesis (Bruegmann et al., 2016). Arrhythmias are the result of disruption of the normally orderly electrical excitation sequence initiating co-ordinated and effective atrial or ventricular contraction. They account for ~3.7 million human deaths/year worldwide (Kuriachan et al., 2017). Their clinical management has often lagged progress in many other cardiological areas. This likely reflects our currently limited understanding of the physiological mechanisms tha... |
| ISSN | 1664042X |
| DOI | 10.3389/fphys.2020.00414 |
| Volume Number | 11 |
| Journal | Frontiers in Physiology |
| Language | English |
| Publisher Date | 2020-04-28 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Clinical translation Cardiac arrhythmias Opsins Cardiac Electrophysiology Optogenetics |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Physiology Physiology (medical) |
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