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| Content Provider | frontiers |
|---|---|
| Author | Baumgartner, Lisa Weberruß, Heidi Appel, Katharina Engl, Tobias Goeder, Daniel Oberhoffer-Fritz, Renate Schulz, Thorsten |
| Abstract | Young athletes most often exceed the physical activity recommendations of the World Health Organization. They are therefore of special interest for investigating cardiovascular adaptions to exercise. This study aimed to examine the arterial structure and function of young athletes 12 to 17 years old and compare these parameters to reference values of healthy cohorts. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid diameter, cIMT÷carotid diameter-ratio (cIDR), arterial compliance (AC), elastic modulus (Ep), β stiffness index (β), and carotid pulse wave velocity (PWVβ) were determined using ultrasound in 331 young athletes (77 girls; mean age, 14.6 ± 1.30 years). Central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and aortic PWV (aPWV) were measured using an oscillometric device (Mobil-O-Graph). Standard deviation scores (SDS) of all parameters were calculated according to German reference values and assessed using the same equipment and protocol. The 75th and 90th percentiles were defined as the threshold for elevated cIMT and arterial stiffness, respectively. Activity behavior was assessed with the MoMo physical activity questionnaire, and maximum power output with a standard cardiopulmonary exercise test. One-sample t-tests were performed to investigate the significant deviations in SDS values compared to the value “0”. All subjects participated in competitive sports for at least 6 h per week (565.6 ± 206.0 min/week). Of the 331 young athletes, 135 (40.2%) had cIMT >75th percentile, 71 (21.5%) had cSBP >90th percentile, and 94 (28.4%) had aPWV >90th percentile. We observed higher cIMT-SDS (p < 0.001), carotid IDR-SDS (p = 0.009), and AC-SDS (p < 0.001) but lower β-SDS (p < 0.001), Ep-SDS (p < 0.001), and PWVβ-SDS (p < 0.001) compared to the reference cohort. The cSBP-SDS (p < 0.001) and aPWV-SDS (p < 0.001) were elevated. In conclusion, cIMT and cIDR were higher in young athletes than in a reference cohort. Furthermore, young athletes presented better carotid elasticity and lower arterial stiffness of the carotid artery. However, central arterial stiffness was higher compared to the reference cohort. The thickening of the carotid intima-media complex in combination with a reduction in arterial stiffness indicates a physiological adaptation to exercise in youth. |
| ISSN | 26249367 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fspor.2021.633873 |
| Volume Number | 3 |
| Journal | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| Language | English |
| Publisher Date | 2021-03-15 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Arterial stiffness Exercise Young athletes Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Arterial elasticity |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physiology Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation Anthropology |
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