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Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response: Lessons to Be Learned from HIV and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
| Content Provider | Europe PMC |
|---|---|
| Author | Dimmock, Nigel J. Easton, Andrew J. |
| Editor | KAM, Jason Yiu Wing |
| Copyright Year | 2023 |
| Abstract | The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic commenced in 2019 and is still ongoing. Neither infection nor vaccination give long-lasting immunity and, here, in an attempt to understand why this might be, we have compared the neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 with those specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Currently, most of the antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein map to three broad antigenic sites, all at the distal end of the S trimer (receptor-binding site (RBD), sub-RBD and N-terminal domain), whereas the structurally similar HIV-1 and the RSV F envelope proteins have six antigenic sites. Thus, there may be several antigenic sites on the S trimer that have not yet been identified. The epitope mapping, quantitation and longevity of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific antibodies produced in response to infection and those elicited by vaccination are now being reported for specific groups of individuals, but much remains to be determined about these aspects of the host–virus interaction. Finally, there is a concern that the SARS-CoV-2 field may be reprising the HIV-1 experience, which, for many years, used a virus for neutralization studies that did not reflect the neutralizability of wild-type HIV-1. For example, the widely used VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S protein pseudotype has 10-fold more S trimers per virion and a different configuration of the trimers compared with the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus. Clarity in these areas would help in advancing understanding and aid countermeasures of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. |
| Journal | Viruses |
| Volume Number | 15 |
| PubMed Central reference number | PMC9961721 |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| PubMed reference number | 36851717 |
| e-ISSN | 19994915 |
| DOI | 10.3390/v15020504 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2023-02-11 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Rights License | Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors. |
| Subject Keyword | human infection repeated infection SARS-CoV-2 HIV-1 RSV neutralizing antibody neutralization assay epitope specificity analysis of serum antibody specificity monoclonal antibody |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Infectious Diseases Virology |
