NDLI: Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Michaelis, Claudia Grohmann, Elisabeth
Editor	Lurie-Weinberger, Mor Nadia Avisar, Dror
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it hinders the treatment of infections with antibiotics due to the facilitated acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Environmental settings are now considered as pivotal for driving biofilm formation, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance development and dissemination. Several studies have demonstrated that environmental biofilms can be hotspots for the dissemination of ARGs. These genes can be encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as conjugative and mobilizable plasmids or integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). ARGs can be rapidly transferred through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which has been shown to occur more frequently in biofilms than in planktonic cultures. Biofilm models are promising tools to mimic natural biofilms to study the dissemination of ARGs via HGT. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of biofilm studies and the techniques that visualize the three main HGT mechanisms in biofilms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
Journal	Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Volume Number	12
PubMed Central reference number	PMC9952180
Issue Number	2
PubMed reference number	36830238
e-ISSN	20796382
DOI	10.3390/antibiotics12020328
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2023-02-04
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	antibiotic resistance antibiotic resistance genes horizontal gene transfer conjugation biofilm transduction transformation plasmids fluorescence microscopy
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Biochemistry Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Microbiology Pharmacology (medical) Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)

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