Acaricidal Activity of Tea Tree and Lemon Oil Nanoemulsions against Rhipicephalus annulatus.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Ibrahium, Samar M. Wahba, Ahmed A. Farghali, Ahmed A. Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Azeem S. Mohamed, Shaimaa A. A. Al-Quraishy, Saleh Hassan, Ahmed O. Aboelhadid, Shawky M.
Editor	Miller, Craig A. Reichard, Mason V.
Copyright Year	2022
Abstract	Tick infestation is a serious problem in many countries since it has an impact on the health of animals used for food production and pets, and frequently affects humans. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal effects of nanoemulsions of essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree, TT) and Citrus limon (lemon oil, CL) against the different stages (adult, eggs, and larvae) of deltamethrin-resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. Three forms of these oils were tested: pure oils, nanoemulsions, and a binary combination. Tea tree and lemon oil nanoemulsions were prepared, and their properties were assessed using a zeta droplet size measurement and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that TT and CL exhibited higher adulticidal effects in their pure forms than in their nanoemulsion forms, as demonstrated by the lower concentrations required to achieve LC50 (2.05 and 1.26%, vs. 12.8 and 11.4%, respectively) and LC90 (4.01% and 2.62%, vs. 20.8 and 19.9%, respectively). Significant larvicidal activity was induced by the TTCL combination, and LC50 was reached at a lower concentration (0.79%) than that required for the pure and nanoemulsion forms. The use of pure CL oil was found to have the most effective ovicidal effects. In conclusion, pure TT and CL have potent acaricidal effects against phenotypically resistant R. annulatus isolates. It is interesting that the activity levels of TT and CL EOs’ binary and nanoemulsion forms were lower than those of their individual pure forms.
Volume Number	11
PubMed Central reference number	PMC9787657
Issue Number	12
PubMed reference number	36558840
Journal	Pathogens
e-ISSN	20760817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens11121506
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-12-09
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2022 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	Melaleuca alternifolia Citrus limon essential oil tick resistant
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Immunology and Microbiology Molecular Biology Immunology and Allergy Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)