Immune Response after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with DMTs.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Mazziotti, Valentina Crescenzo, Francesco Tamanti, Agnese Dapor, Caterina Ziccardi, Stefano Guandalini, Maddalena Colombi, Annalisa Camera, Valentina Peloso, Angela Pezzini, Francesco Turano, Ermanna Marastoni, Damiano Calabrese, Massimiliano
Editor	de Mon, Melchor Álvarez Ortega, Miguel A. Girón-González, José-Antonio Alvarez de Mon, Miguel Ángel Monserrat, Jorge García-Honduvilla, Natalio Guijarro, Luis G
Copyright Year	2022
Abstract	The impact of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on the immune response to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) needs further elucidation. We investigated BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effects concerning antibody seroconversion, inflammatory mediators’ level and immunophenotype assessment in pwMS treated with cladribine (c-pwMS, n = 29), fingolimod (f-pwMS, n = 15) and ocrelizumab (o-pwMS, n = 54). Anti-spike immunoglobulin (Ig)-G detection was performed by an enzyme immunoassay; molecular mediators (GrB, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were quantified using the ELLA platform, and immunophenotype was assessed by flow cytometry. ANCOVA, Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation analyses were applied. Only one o-pwMS showed a mild COVID-19 infection despite most o-pwMS lacking seroconversion and showing lower anti-spike IgG titers than c-pwMS and f-pwMS. No significant difference in cytokine production and lymphocyte count was observed in c-pwMS and f-pwMS. In contrast, in o-pwMS, a significant increase in GrB levels was detected after vaccination. Considering non-seroconverted o-pwMS, a significant increase in GrB serum levels and CD4+ T lymphocyte count was found after vaccination, and a negative correlation was observed between anti-spike IgG production and CD4+ T cells count. Differences in inflammatory mediators’ production after BNT162b2 vaccination in o-pwMS, specifically in those lacking anti-spike IgG, suggest a protective cellular immune response.
Journal	Biomedicines
Volume Number	10
PubMed Central reference number	PMC9775192
Issue Number	12
PubMed reference number	36551795
e-ISSN	22279059
DOI	10.3390/biomedicines10123034
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-11-24
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2022 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies COVID-19 vaccination seroconversion cellular immune response inflammatory mediators immunophenotype
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology