Environmental Hazards of Nanobiomaterials (Hydroxyapatite-Based NMs)-A Case Study with Folsomia candida-Effects from Long Term Exposure.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Guimarães, Bruno Gomes, Susana I. L. Campodoni, Elisabetta Sandri, Monica Sprio, Simone Blosi, Magda Costa, Anna L. Amorim, Mónica J. B. Scott-Fordsmand, Janeck J.
Editor	Castillo-Michel, Hiram
Copyright Year	2022
Abstract	Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate used in many fields, including biomedical applications. In particular, ion-doped HA nanomaterials (nHA) are developed for their increased bioactivity, particularly in the fields of regenerative medicine and nanomedicine. In this study, we assessed the ecotoxicological impact of five nHA materials: a synthesized calcium hydroxyapatite (CaP-HA), superparamagnetic iron-doped hydroxyapatite (Fe-HA), titanium-doped hydroxyapatite (Ti-HA), alginate/titanium-doped hydroxyapatite hybrid composite (Ti-HA-Alg), and a commercial HA. The soil ecotoxicology model species Folsomia candida (Collembola) was used, and besides the standard reproduction test (28 days), an extension to the standard for one more generation was performed (56 days). Assessed endpoints included the standard survival and reproduction, and additionally, growth. Exposure via the standard (28 days) did not cause toxicity, but reproduction increased in commercial HA (significantly at 320 mg HA/kg) whereas via the extension (56 days) it decreased in all tested concentrations. Juveniles’ size (56 days) was reduced in all tested nHA materials, except commercial HA. nHA materials seem to trigger a compromise between reproduction and growth. Long-term effects could not be predicted based on the standard shorter exposure; hence, the testing of at least two generations (56 days) is recommended to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials, particularly in F. candida. Further, we found that the inclusion of size as additional endpoint is highly relevant.
Journal	Toxics
Volume Number	10
PubMed Central reference number	PMC9693573
Issue Number	11
PubMed reference number	36422912
e-ISSN	23056304
DOI	10.3390/toxics10110704
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-11-18
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2022 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	ecotoxicology soil invertebrates long-term toxicity nanobiomaterials
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Chemical Health and Safety Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Toxicology