Depressive symptoms in youth with ADHD: the role of impairments in cognitive emotion regulation.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Mayer, Jutta S. Brandt, Geva A. Medda, Juliane Basten, Ulrike Grimm, Oliver Reif, Andreas Freitag, Christine M.
Abstract	Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk to develop co-morbid depression. Identifying factors that contribute to depression risk may allow early intervention and prevention. Poor emotion regulation, which is common in adolescents, is a candidate risk factor. Impaired cognitive emotion regulation is a fundamental characteristic of depression and depression risk in the general population. However, little is known about cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD and its link to depression and depression risk. Using explicit and implicit measures, this study assessed cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD (N = 40) compared to demographically matched healthy controls (N = 40) and determined the association with depressive symptomatology. As explicit measure, we assessed the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies via self-report. As implicit measure, performance in an ambiguous cue-conditioning task was assessed as indicator of affective bias in the processing of information. Compared to controls, patients reported more frequent use of maladaptive (i.e., self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) and less frequent use of adaptive (i.e., positive reappraisal) emotion regulation strategies. This pattern was associated with the severity of current depressive symptoms in patients. In the implicit measure of cognitive bias, there was no significant difference in response of patients and controls and no association with depression. Our findings point to depression-related alterations in the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in youth with ADHD. The study suggests those alterations as a candidate risk factor for ADHD-depression comorbidity that may be used for risk assessment and prevention strategies.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00406-022-01382-z.
Related Links	https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC9279209&blobtype=pdf
ISSN	09401334
Journal	European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience [Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci]
Volume Number	272
DOI	10.1007/s00406-022-01382-z
PubMed Central reference number	PMC9279209
Issue Number	5
PubMed reference number	35107603
e-ISSN	14338491
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2022-02-02
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2022
Subject Keyword	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD Depression Major depressive disorder Comorbidity Emotion regulation Implicit Explicit Cognitive
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Biological Psychiatry Pharmacology (medical) Psychiatry and Mental Health