Procedural virtual reality simulation training for robotic surgery: a randomised controlled trial.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Raison, Nicholas Harrison, Patrick Abe, Takashige Aydin, Abdullatif Ahmed, Kamran Dasgupta, Prokar
Abstract	BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) training is widely used for surgical training, supported by comprehensive, high-quality validation. Technological advances have enabled the development of procedural-based VR training. This study assesses the effectiveness of procedural VR compared to basic skills VR in minimally invasive surgery.Methods26 novice participants were randomised to either procedural VR (n = 13) or basic VR simulation (n = 13). Both cohorts completed a structured training programme. Simulator metric data were used to plot learning curves. All participants then performed parts of a robotic radical prostatectomy (RARP) on a fresh frozen cadaver. Performances were compared against a cohort of 9 control participants without any training experience. Performances were video recorded and assessed blindly using GEARS post hoc.ResultsLearning curve analysis demonstrated improvements in technical skill for both training modalities although procedural training was associated with greater training effects.Any VR training resulted in significantly higher GEARS scores than no training (GEARS score 11.3 ± 0.58 vs. 8.8 ± 2.9, p = 0.002). Procedural VR training was found to be more effective than both basic VR training and no training (GEARS 11.9 ± 2.9 vs. 10.7 ± 2.8 vs. 8.8 ± 1.4, respectively, p = 0.03).ConclusionsThis trial has shown that a structured programme of procedural VR simulation is effective for robotic training with technical skills successfully transferred to a clinical task in cadavers. Further work to evaluate the role of procedural-based VR for more advanced surgical skills training is required.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00464-020-08197-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
ISSN	09302794
Journal	Surgical Endoscopy
Volume Number	35
PubMed Central reference number	PMC8599326
Issue Number	12
PubMed reference number	33398587
e-ISSN	14322218
DOI	10.1007/s00464-020-08197-w
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2021-01-04
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2020
Subject Keyword	Robotic surgery Surgical education Simulation Virtual reality
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Surgery