Extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer: a narrative review.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Hatano, Koji Fujita, Kazutoshi
Copyright Year	2021
Abstract	Over the past decade, there has been remarkable progress in prostate cancer biomarker discovery using urine- and blood-based assays. A liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure to investigate the cancer-related molecules in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Liquid biopsies have the advantage of detecting heterogeneity as well as acquired resistance in cancer. EVs are cell-derived vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer and contain various molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. In patients with cancer, EVs derived from tumors can be isolated from urine, plasma, and serum. The advances in isolation techniques provide the opportunity to use EVs as biomarkers in the clinic. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs can be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, especially high-grade cancer. EVs can also be potent biomarkers for the prediction of disease progression in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). EVs shed from cancer and stromal cells are involved in the development of tumor microenvironments, enhancing cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the use of EVs for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer as well as for predicting disease progression. We also discuss the biological function of EVs, which regulate cancer progression.
ISSN	22234683
Journal	Translational Andrology and Urology
Volume Number	10
PubMed Central reference number	PMC8100827
Issue Number	4
PubMed reference number	33968677
e-ISSN	22234691
DOI	10.21037/tau-20-1210
Language	English
Publisher	AME Publishing Company
Publisher Date	2021-04-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. 2021 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.
Subject Keyword	Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exosomes prostate cancer biomarker tumor microenvironment
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Urology Reproductive Medicine