Flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials: Recent developments.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Mathew, Minu Radhakrishnan, Sithara Vaidyanathan, Antara Chakraborty, Brahmananda Rout, Chandra Sekhar
Abstract	The research interest in wearable sensors has tremendously increased in recent years. Amid the different biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are unparalleled and ideal for the design and manufacture of such flexible and wearable sensors because of their various benefits, including convenient operation, quick response, portability, and inherent miniaturization. A number of studies on flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors have been reported in recent years for invasive/non-invasive and real-time monitoring of biologically relevant molecules such as glucose, lactate, dopamine, cortisol, and antigens. To attain this, novel two-dimensional nanomaterials and their hybrids, various substrates, and detection methods have been explored to fabricate flexible conductive platforms that can be used to develop flexible electrochemical biosensors. In particular, there are many advantages associated with the advent of two-dimensional materials, such as light weight, high stretchability, high performance, and excellent biocompatibility, which offer new opportunities to improve the performance of wearable electrochemical sensors. Therefore, it is urgently required to study wearable/flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials for health care monitoring and clinical analysis. In this review, we described recently reported flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials. We classified them into specific groups, including enzymatic/non-enzymatic biosensors and affinity biosensors (immunosensors), recent developments in flexible electrochemical immunosensors based on polymer and plastic substrates to monitor biologically relevant molecules. This review will discuss perspectives on flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials for the clinical analysis and wearable biosensing devices, as well as the limitations and prospects of the these electrochemical flexible/wearable biosensors.Graphical abstract
ISSN	16182642
Journal	Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Volume Number	413
PubMed Central reference number	PMC7581469
Issue Number	3
PubMed reference number	33094369
e-ISSN	16182650
DOI	10.1007/s00216-020-03002-y
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2020-10-23
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Subject Keyword	Biosensor 2D materials Flexible/wearable sensors Electrochemical sensors
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry