Threat to democracy: Physical and mental health impact of democracy movement in Hong Kong.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Kai Hou, Wai Hall, Brian J. Canetti, Daphna Lau, Kam Man Ng, Sin Man Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	BackgroundThis study examined the prevalence and critical predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms and self-rated health, following the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Methods: Random digit dialing recruited a population-representative sample of 1208 Chinese Hong Kong citizens (mean age=46.89 years; 63% female) in the first two weeks of February 2015. Respondents gave their informed consent and reported personal, social, and economic resource loss since the Umbrella Movement (Conservation of Resources-Evaluation), current anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and self-rated health (1=very good, 4=very bad).ResultsA total of 47.35% (95% CI=44.55, 50.17) respondents reported moderate/severe anxiety symptoms and 14.4% (95% CI=12.54, 16.50) reported moderate/severe depressive symptoms; 9.11% (95% CI=7.61, 10.86) reported “poor” or “very poor” health. Multivariable regressions revealed that personal and social resource loss was associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms and greater odds of “very poor” health (adjusted odds ratios/incidence rate ratios=5–102%), independent of lower education level and income and being unmarried.LimitationsThis study was cross-sectional in nature and thus could not determine causality from the associations between resource loss and outcome variables. Second, the telephone survey relied on self-reports; response bias and social desirability could influence respondents' answers and discount data validity. Third, potential confounders such as preexisting mental and physical health issues and concurrent predictors like exposure to the Umbrella Movement were not assessed.ConclusionsThis is one of the first studies following any recent political movement (e.g., The Arab Spring) to quantify distress and the associated correlates of distress among affected citizens. Perceived psychosocial resource losses were critical predictors of poor outcomes.
Related Links	https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC7127225&blobtype=pdf
ISSN	01650327
Journal	Journal of Affective Disorders [J Affect Disord]
Volume Number	186
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.005
PubMed Central reference number	PMC7127225
PubMed reference number	26232750
e-ISSN	15732517
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier B.V.
Publisher Date	2015-07-21
Access Restriction	Open
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Subject Keyword	Political movements Prevalence of psychiatric symptoms Self-rated health Conservation of resources theory Hong Kong
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Clinical Psychology Psychiatry and Mental Health