Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Gassler, Nikolaus
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including α-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
Related Links	https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5696613&blobtype=pdf
Volume Number	8
DOI	10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.150
PubMed Central reference number	PMC5696613
Issue Number	4
PubMed reference number	29184701
Journal	World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology [World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol]
e-ISSN	21505330
Language	English
Publisher	Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
Publisher Date	2017-11-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Subject Keyword	Antimicrobial peptide Paneth cell Crohn’s disease Microbiome Small intestine
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Gastroenterology