Immunohistochemical Expression of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Human Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Narrative Review with Historical Perspectives.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Cazzato, Gerardo Lettini, Teresa Colagrande, Anna Trilli, Irma Ambrogio, Francesca Laface, Carmelo Parente, Paola Maiorano, Eugenio Ingravallo, Giuseppe
Editor	Suzuki, Yutaka
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the primary ligand of the receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) which is constitutively expressed or activated in myeloid, lymphoid (T, B and NK), normal epithelial cells, and cancer. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction is crucial for the physiological development of immunological tolerance but also in the development of the cancer. Among these, malignant melanoma represents a tumour in which the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 is important to guide future therapeutic choices based on the presence/absence of expression. Various clones have been used over time for immunohistochemical determination, and different results and heterogeneity remain among the various studies in the literature. We perform a narrative review of the present studies in order to discuss and take stock of what certain achievements have been made in this field, what challenges remain, and what possible solutions can be found.
Journal	Genes (Basel)
Volume Number	14
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10297918
Issue Number	6
PubMed reference number	37372432
e-ISSN	20734425
DOI	10.3390/genes14061252
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2023-06-12
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	programmed death-ligand 1 PD-L1 anti-PD-1 nivolumab pembrolizumab immunotherapy
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Genetics Genetics (clinical)