Depression Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Diverse US Racial-Ethnic Groups.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Nápoles, Anna María Stewart, Anita L. Strassle, Paula D. Alhomsi, Alia Quintero, Stephanie Ponce, Stephanie Wilkerson, Miciah Bonilla, Jackie
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Introduction:Studies have reported increases in psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to estimate associations between race-ethnicity and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among nationally representative samples of all major racial-ethnic groups in the United States.Methods:We conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional survey between December 2020 and February 2021 of Asian, black/African American, Latino (English and Spanish speaking), American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, white, and multiracial adults (n=5500). Distress measures included: anxiety-depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-4 [PHQ-4]), stress (modified Perceived Stress Scale), and loneliness-isolation (frequency felt lonely and isolated). Multinomial logistic regression models estimated associations between race-ethnicity and psychological distress, adjusting for demographic and health characteristics.Results:Overall, 23.7% reported moderate/severe anxiety-depression symptoms, 34.3% reported moderate/severe stress, and 21.3% reported feeling lonely-isolated fairly/very often. Compared with white adults and adjusting for covariates, the prevalence of moderate/severe anxiety-depression was significantly lower among Asian (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.34–0.58), black (aOR=0.49, 95% CI=0.38–0.63), English-speaking Latino (aOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.45–0.85), Spanish-speaking Latino (aOR=0.31, 95% CI=0.22–0.44), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (aOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.49–0.90) adults. Similar trends were seen for moderate/severe stress and feeling lonely-isolated fairly/very often. Worse distress profiles of American Indian/Alaska Native and multiracial adults were attenuated after adjustment.Conclusions:Minoritized groups tended to have less distress than white adults. Collective experiences of cumulative disadvantage could engender shared resiliency/normalization among these groups.
Related Links	https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC10282966&blobtype=pdf
Page Count	13
Journal	Health Equity
Volume Number	7
DOI	10.1089/heq.2022.0178
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10282966
Issue Number	1
PubMed reference number	37351533
e-ISSN	24731242
Language	English
Publisher	Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers
Publisher Date	2023-06-15
Publisher Place	140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License [CC-BY] (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © Anna María Nápoles et al., 2023; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Subject Keyword	COVID-19 psychological distress race-ethnicity national survey black/African American Hispanic/Latino Asian American Indian/Alaska Native Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Health (social science) Health Policy Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Health Information Management