Preparation of Naphthalene-Based Flame Retardant for High Fire Safety and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resin.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Huang, Ziqin Li, Fangli Huang, Mingyan Meng, Wenqiao Rao, Wenhui Lei, Yuan Yu, Chuanbai
Editor	Wang, Lei Wang, Dong Zhou, Keqing
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	One of the current challenges in the development of flame retardants is the preparation of an environmentally friendly multi-element synergistic flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and thermal performance of composites. This study synthesized an organic flame retardant (APH) using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-550), 1,4-phthalaadehyde, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as raw materials, through the Kabachnik-Fields reaction. Adding APH to epoxy resin (EP) composites could greatly improve their flame retardancy. For instance, UL-94 with 4 wt% APH/EP reached the V-0 rating and had an LOI as high as 31.2%. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AvHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke produced (TSP) of 4% APH/EP were 34.1%, 31.8%, 15.2%, and 38.4% lower than EP, respectively. The addition of APH improved the mechanical performance and thermal performance of the composites. After adding 1% APH, the impact strength increased by 15.0%, which was attributed to the good compatibility between APH and EP. The TG and DSC analyses revealed that the APH/EP composites that incorporated rigid naphthalene ring groups had higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and a higher amount of char residue (C700). The pyrolysis products of APH/EP were systematically investigated, and the results revealed that flame retardancy of APH was realized by the condensed-phase mechanism. APH has good compatibility with EP, excellent thermal performance, enhanced mechanical performance and rational flame retardancy, and the combustion products of the as-prepared composites complied with the green and environmental protection standards which are also broadly applied in industry.
Journal	Molecules
Volume Number	28
DOI	10.3390/molecules28114287
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10254863
Issue Number	11
PubMed reference number	37298763
e-ISSN	14203049
Language	English
Publisher	Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
Publisher Date	2023-05-24
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	epoxy resin thermal performance flame retardancy smoke suppression
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Medicine Chemistry Drug Discovery Pharmaceutical Science Analytical Chemistry Molecular Medicine Organic Chemistry