NDLI: Adverse Effects of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Imaging-Oriented Review.

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Adverse Effects of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Imaging-Oriented Review.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Mallio, Carlo Augusto Bernetti, Caterina Cea, Laura Buoso, Andrea Stiffi, Massimo Vertulli, Daniele Greco, Federico Zobel, Bruno Beomonte
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, which increase antitumor immunity of the host and facilitate T-cell-mediated actions against tumors. These medications have been used in recent years as a weapon against advanced stage malignancies, such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, small or non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, they are not free from possible adverse effects (immune-related adverse events—irAEs) that mainly affect skin, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and endocrine systems. Early diagnosis of irAEs is essential to correctly and rapidly manage patients, with ICIs suspension and therapies administration. Deep knowledge of the imaging and clinical patterns of irAEs is the key to promptly rule out other diagnoses. Here, we performed a review of the radiological signs and differential diagnosis, based on the organ involved. The aim of this review is to provide guidance to recognize the most significant radiological findings of the main irAEs, based on incidence, severity, and the role of imaging.
ISSN	11980052
Journal	Current Oncology
Volume Number	30
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10217557
Issue Number	5
PubMed reference number	37232813
e-ISSN	17187729
DOI	10.3390/curroncol30050355
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2023-05-03
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	adverse effects imaging cancer immune-checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Oncology

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