Sex-Based Contributors to and Consequences of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Hiscox, Lucy V. Sharp, Tamsin H. Olff, Miranda Seedat, Soraya Halligan, Sarah L.
Abstract	Purpose of ReviewWomen are twice as likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to men after a traumatic experience. The purpose of this mini review was to explore recent research on biological contributors to this sex difference.Recent FindingsWe identified 51 studies published since 2019. Studies found that beyond the influence of sex on the prevalence and symptoms of PTSD, there is evidence for and against sex-based differences in genetic and epigenetic factors (n = 8), brain structure and function (n = 11), neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses (n = 5), and in the role of sleep on emotional memory processing (n = 1). Sex differences were also observed in recovery and during PTSD treatment (n = 16). Finally, there is emerging evidence of sex-differentiated risk for medical and psychiatric comorbidities in PTSD (n = 10).SummaryRapid advances are being made using integrated multidisciplinary approaches to understand why females are at a heightened risk for developing PTSD.
Related Links	https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC10188381&blobtype=pdf
ISSN	15233812
Journal	Current Psychiatry Reports [Curr Psychiatry Rep]
Volume Number	25
DOI	10.1007/s11920-023-01421-z
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10188381
Issue Number	5
PubMed reference number	37162661
e-ISSN	15351645
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2023-05-10
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2023
Subject Keyword	PTSD Sex differences Trauma Sex characteristics Post-traumatic stress
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Psychiatry and Mental Health