Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Karava, Vasiliki Dotis, John Kondou, Antonia Printza, Nikoleta
Editor	Tzeng, I-Shiang
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Malnutrition is frequent in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Apart from undernutrition and protein energy wasting (PEW), overnutrition prevalence is rising, resulting in fat mass accumulation. Sedentary behavior and unbalanced diet are the most important causal factors. Both underweight and obesity are linked to adverse outcomes regarding renal function, cardiometabolic risk and mortality rate. Muscle wasting is the cornerstone finding of PEW, preceding fat loss and may lead to fatigue, musculoskeletal decline and frailty. In addition, clinical data emphasize the growing occurrence of muscle mass and strength deficits in patients with fat mass accumulation, attributed to CKD-related wasting processes, reduced physical activity and possibly to obesity-induced inflammatory diseases, leading to sarcopenic obesity. Moreover, children with CKD are susceptible to abdominal obesity, resulting from high body fat distribution into the visceral abdomen compartment. Both sarcopenic and abdominal obesity are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. This review analyzes the pathogenetic mechanisms, current trends and outcomes of malnutrition patterns in pediatric CKD. Moreover, it underlines the importance of body composition assessment for the nutritional evaluation and summarizes the advantages and limitations of the currently available techniques. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of growth hormone therapy and physical activity on malnutrition management.
Volume Number	13
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10053690
Issue Number	3
PubMed reference number	36983870
Journal	Life (Basel)
e-ISSN	20751729
DOI	10.3390/life13030713
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2023-03-06
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	protein energy wasting obesity sarcopenia sarcopenic obesity frailty muscle wasting muscle strength abdominal obesity growth hormone physical activity
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Paleontology Space and Planetary Science Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics