Identification, Typing and Drug Resistance of Cronobacter spp. in Powdered Infant Formula and Processing Environment.

Content Provider	Europe PMC
Author	Li, Hongxuan Fu, Shiqian Song, Danliangmin Qin, Xue Zhang, Wei Man, Chaoxin Yang, Xinyan Jiang, Yujun
Editor	Federighi, Michel
Copyright Year	2023
Abstract	Cronobacter spp. is a food-borne pathogenic microorganism that can cause serious diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing colitis in infants and young children. Powdered infant formula (PIF) is one of the main contamination routes, in which the processing environment is an important source of pollution. In this investigation, 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment were identified and typed by 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technology. A total of 35 sequence types were obtained, and three new sequence types were isolated for the first time. The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, showing that all isolates were resistant to erythromycin but sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 68.57% of the total, among which Cronobacter strains with the strongest drug resistance reached 13 multiple drug resistance. Combined with transcriptomics, 77 differentially expressed genes related to drug resistance were identified. The metabolic pathways were deeply excavated, and under the stimulation of antibiotic conditions, Cronobacter strains can activate the multidrug efflux system by regulating the expression of chemotaxis-related genes, thus, secreting more drug efflux proteins to enhance drug resistance. The study of drug resistance of Cronobacter and its mechanism has important public health significance for the rational selection of existing antibacterial drugs, the development of new antibacterial drugs to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance, and the control and treatment of infections caused by Cronobacter.
Journal	Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
Volume Number	12
PubMed Central reference number	PMC10000698
Issue Number	5
PubMed reference number	36900599
e-ISSN	23048158
DOI	10.3390/foods12051084
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2023-03-03
Access Restriction	Open
Rights License	Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). © 2023 by the authors.
Subject Keyword	powdered infant formula Cronobacter spp. antibiotic resistance multilocus sequence typing transcriptomics
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Microbiology Health (social science) Health Professions Food Science Plant Science