NDLI: Investigation on Blending Effects of Gasoline Fuel with N-Butanol, DMF, and Ethanol on the Fuel Consumption and Harmful Emissions in a GDI Vehicle

Content Provider	Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Author	Haifeng Liu Xichang Wang Diping Zhang Fang Dong Xinlu Liu Yong Yang Haozhong Huang Yang Wang Qianlong Wang Zunqing Zheng
Abstract	The effects of three kinds of oxygenated fuel blends—i.e., ethanol-gasoline, n-butanol-gasoline, and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF)-gasoline-on fuel consumption, emissions, and acceleration performance were investigated in a passenger car with a chassis dynamometer. The engine mounted in the vehicle was a four-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharging gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine with a displacement of 1.395 L. The test fuels include ethanol-gasoline, n-butanol-gasoline, and DMF-gasoline with four blending ratios of 20%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and pure gasoline was also tested for comparison. The original contribution of this article is to systemically study the steady-state, transient-state, cold-start, and acceleration performance of the tested fuels under a wide range of blending ratios, especially at high blending ratios. It provides new insight and knowledge of the emission alleviation technique in terms of tailoring the biofuels in GDI turbocharged engines. The results of our works showed that operation with ethanol–gasoline, n-butanol–gasoline, and DMF–gasoline at high blending ratios could be realized in the GDI vehicle without any modification to its engine and the control system at the steady state. At steady-state operation, as compared with pure gasoline, the results indicated that blending n-butanol could reduce $CO_{2}$, CO, total hydrocarbon (THC), and $NO_{X}$ emissions, which were also decreased by employing a higher blending ratio of n-butanol. However, a high fraction of n-butanol increased the volumetric fuel consumption, and so did the DMF–gasoline and ethanol–gasoline blends. A large fraction of DMF reduced THC emissions, but increased $CO_{2}$ and $NO_{X}$ emissions. Blending n-butanol can improve the equivalent fuel consumption. Moreover, the particle number (PN) emissions were significantly decreased when using the high blending ratios of the three kinds of oxygenated fuels. According to the results of the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) cycle, blending 20% of n-butanol with gasoline decreased $CO_{2}$ emissions by 5.7% compared with pure gasoline and simultaneously reduced CO, THC, $NO_{X}$ emissions, while blending ethanol only reduced $NO_{X}$ emissions. PN and particulate matter (PM) emissions decreased significantly in all stages of the NEDC cycle with the oxygenated fuel blends; the highest reduction ratio in PN was 72.87% upon blending 20% ethanol at the NEDC cycle. The high proportion of n-butanol and DMF improved the acceleration performance of the vehicle.
e-ISSN	19961073
DOI	10.3390/en12101845
Journal	Energies
Issue Number	10
Volume Number	12
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI AG
Publisher Date	2019-05-01
Publisher Place	Switzerland
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Technology Oxygenated Fuels Emissions Energy Consumption Gdi Engine
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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