Quantitative trait loci (qtl) with parent-of-origin effects in chicken.

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Author	Vilkki, J. Honkatukia, M. Koning, D.-J. De Schulman, N. F. Tuiskula-Haavisto, M. Mäki-Tanila, A.
Abstract	In poultry reciprocal effects in crosses have been detected for egg production traits, sexual maturity, egg quality traits and viability (Fairfull et al., 1983). Reciprocal effects in poultry have been hypothesized to originate from sex-linked genes and/or maternal effects (Fairfull, 1990). An alternative explanation would be parent-of-origin expression, where the expression of alleles is dependent on the parent from which they are inherited. To understand the reasons for reciprocal effects we investigated potential effects of parent-of-origin specific QTL in chicken. Two divergent egg-layer lines differing in egg quality were reciprocally crossed to produce 305 F2 hens (Tuiskula-Haavisto et al., 2002). Searching the genome using models with uni-parental expression, we identified four new genome-wide significant QTL and three highly suggestive QTL affecting age at first egg, egg weight, number of eggs, body weight, feed intake, and egg white quality. Two genome-wide significant and one highly suggestive QTL show exclusive paternal expression while the others show exclusive maternal expression. The effects were found on chromosomes 1, 3, 9, and 11. Each of the parent-of-origin specific QTL explained 3–5 % of the total phenotypic variance, with the effects ranging from 0.18 to 0.4 phenotypic SD in the F2. On chromosome 1 the parent-of-origin QTLs for
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