NDLI: How Dry Is Dry?

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Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity

Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines

Management System Competency Model and Development Program

Achieving and Demonstrating Pipeline Engineering Capability: The Role of Competency Standards, and Their Use for Qualifications and Registration

Competency Standards for the Pipeline Industry

Safety Culture Assessment and Continuous Monitoring Approach

Accelerating Industry Performance Through Collaborative Continual Improvement

How Do We (Actually) Know Our Quality Is Improving?

Asset Integrity Management System Audits for the National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago

Are Pipelines Being Held to an Unreasonably High Standard of Performance?

Operational Change Assessments: A Proactive Approach to Managing Pipeline Integrity

Are Integrity Management Programs Making a Difference?

Implementing API RP 1173, Pipeline Safety Management Systems: Tools and Resources to Facilitate Industry Implementation

Is the Push for More Prescriptive Regulation Making Us Less Safe?

Is Public Safety Impacted by the Multiple Regulatory Regimes for Gas Pipelines and Networks?

Compliance Oversight of Operators’ Integrity Management Program for Pipelines: A Risk Based Evaluation Approach Incorporating Safety Culture

Using Alternate Technologies and Advancements Through Special Permits, Waivers, and Other Technology Notifications

Integrity Risk-Informed Decision Making

Formalizing Integrity Management Workflows: Towards Integrity Process Modelling

Evolving Standards of Indigenous Peoples Engagement and Managing Project Risk

Using 2D and 3D Oil Spill Trajectory and Fate Models to Assess the Risk of Accidental Crude Oil Releases Along the Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Program Pipeline

CSA Z663: Land Use Planning in the Vicinity of Pipelines

Automated Creation of the Pipeline Digital Twin During Construction: Improvement to Construction Quality and Pipeline Integrity

Post-Construction ILI Execution Planning Guidelines for Pipeline Quality Verification

The Application of a Knowledge Transfer Taxonomy to Pipeline Construction Inspection Best Practices

How Dry Is Dry?

A Canadian Operator Based Framework for Pipeline Pressure Tests: Lessons Learned

Inelastic Deformation of Pipelines Induced by Temporary Ground Deformations

Integrity Assessment of Pipelines With Ovality

Combining Expert Knowledge and Automation to Maximize Pipeline Route Optionality and Defensibility: A Case Study of the Aurora Pipeline

Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracturing Models and Their Limitations to Predict No-Drill Zones for Horizontal Directional Drilling

Strengthening the Current Class Location Designation System

Well-Integrated Design of Surge Relief Systems in Oil Storage Facilities

The Optimum Pipeline Burial Depth Considering Slow Downslope Soil Movement and Seasonal Temperature Variation

What Lies Beneath: Geophysical Approaches for Assessing Trenchless Water Crossings

Earned Schedule and the Use of Schedule Execution Reporting Metrics

Utilizing Value Management to Increase Project Competitiveness

Compression Capacity and the Seismic Integrity of Locally Deformed Line Pipes

A Strain Based Criterion to Evaluate the Tensile Capacity of Transmission Pipelines Under Large Scale Cyclic Bending

Effect of UOE Forming Process on the Buckling Strains of Steel Pipes

Influence of Material Heterogeneity on the Strain Capacity of Pipelines

Girth Weld Strength Matching Effect on Tensile Strain Capacity of Grade X70 High Strain Line Pipe

Assessment of Dents Under High Longitudinal Strain

Tensile and Compressive Strain Capacity in the Presence of Corrosion Anomalies

Burst Pressure of Pipelines With Corrosion Anomalies Under High Longitudinal Strains

Burst Pressure of Wrinkles Under High Longitudinal Strain

Using Controlled Global Buckling to Improve Buried Pipelines Performance Under Large Compressive Ground Displacements

Assessment of Stress Based Design Pipelines Experiencing High Axial Strains

The Effect of Ground Displacement and Stress Relief on Pipeline Behaviour: A Case Study

Methodologies for Establishing the Probability of Pipeline Failure at Slope Crossings

Landslide Pipe-Soil Interaction: State of the Practice

Improving Fitness-for-Purpose Methodology and Safety Target Definitions on Geohazard Related Pipe Deformation

Assessment of the Threat From Wildfires on Above Ground Natural Gas Facilities

Corrosion Growth Modeling Based on Mass In-Line Inspection Data Using Variational Inference

Semi-Quantitative Reliability-Based Ranking Method for Assessment of Pipeline Dents With Stress Risers

Estimating Landslide Induced Probability of Failure to Pipelines Using a Structured Reductionist Approach

Effective Risk Management for In Service Pipelines: Achieving ALARP by Pressure Management and Slab Protection

A Methodology to Assess the Gas Supply Capacity and Gas Supply Reliability of a Natural Gas Pipeline Network System

Development and Execution of Consequence Assessment for Liquid Pipeline Facilities

Risk Assessment for Small Diameter Piping for Liquid Pipeline Facilities

Developing a Full Risk Picture for Gas Pipeline Consequences

Effect of Model Error on Reliability Analysis of Surface Cracks

Quantitative Risk Assessment Techniques Based on Uncertainty Theory for Natural Gas Distribution Station

Development of Empirical Method to Calculate Natural Gas Pipelines Rupture Exposure Radius

Use of Risk and Engineering Assessments to Improve Safety in Class Location Changes: South American Case Study

A Multi-Module Systemic Approach for the Supply Reliability Analysis of Multi-Product Pipeline Under Pump Units Failure

Updates on Pipeline Integrity Reliability Targets

The Application of Bayesian Network Threat Model for Corrosion Assessment of Pipeline in Design Stage

Third-Party Damage Model for Gas Distribution Pipelines

The Use of Sensitivity Analyses for Optimum Data Gathering in Risk and Threats Assessments

Statistical Analyses of Incidents on Onshore Hazardous Liquid Pipelines Based on PHMSA Database

CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 3: Dispersion Modelling

Limit States Design Checks for Geotechnical Loads

A Brazilian Pipeline Incident Database: The PETROBRAS and TRANSPETRO Initiative

Development of Reliability-Based Criteria for Corrosion Assessment

System Wide Risk Assessment in the 21st Century: TransCanada’s Approach

Geohazard Management Approach Within Safety Case

A Robust Risk Assessment Model for Stress Corrosion Cracking

Pipeline Dent Fatigue Crack Leak Rate for Liquids Pipelines and the Application to Release Consequence Assessment

Application of In-Line Inspection and Failure Data to Reduce Subjectivity of Risk Model Scores for Uninspected Pipelines

An Update to the Recommended UKOPA External Interference Frequency Prediction Model and Pipeline Damage Distributions

Guidelines for Quantitative Risk Model Development

Development of Strain Demand and Capacity Distributions to Use in Limit States Design for Geotechnical Loads

Optimization of Hydrate Management in Deepwater Gas Well Testing Operations

Comparative Study on Atmospheric Temperature Models for the Buried Hot Oil Pipeline

A Simplified Simulation Model for Buried Hot Oil Pipeline Temperature Field During Shutdown

Case Studies Highlighting Rapid Repair Methods of Pressurised Pipelines Damaged by Anchors

Advanced SAWL Developments and Optimizations for High Toughness, Low Hardness and Sour Environment

Program to Evaluate Readiness Levels of Pipeline-Oriented Technologies

Volume 3: Operations, Monitoring, and Maintenance; Materials and Joining

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Verification and Validation

Water Quality, Drought, Human Health and Engineering Conference

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World Tribology Congress

How Dry Is Dry?

Content Provider	The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Digital Collection
Author	Hartloper, C. Botros, K. K. Liu, V. Lalonde, G. Lu, J. Puche, Y. Saud De
Copyright Year	2018
Abstract	Air drying is used after dewatering to dry a pipeline or piping facility before commissioning it with natural gas. This process typically involves blowing dehydrated air through the pipe sections until they are determined to be suitably dry. The question addressed in this paper is: how dry is dry? A common metric used to judge the pipe section’s dryness is the drying air’s outlet water dew point. Typically, air drying continues until a suitably dry low water dew point, such as −40°C, is measured at the outlet of the pipeline or facility. However, there is currently a lack of understanding of how this final outlet water dew point relates to the remaining water and thus the subsequent start up of the pipeline or facility. If the outlet water dew point is higher than required, issues may arise upon start up; e.g., hydrates could form along the pipeline or at downstream facilities. Conversely, if the outlet water dew point is lower than required, unnecessary time would have been spent in drying, and hence higher cost. This paper advocates an approach to determine when air drying is complete that considers the start-up phase. The approach consists of two parts. In the first part, the air drying parameters (drying air flow rate, inlet water dew point, etc.) and the final outlet water dew point are used to quantify the volume and surface area of water remaining after the drying process is completed. In the second part, the evaporation of this water into the gas flowing through the pipeline/facility after commissioning and start up is modeled as a function of the gas flow rate, temperature, pressure and inlet water content. Then, the water content of the gas at the delivery points is calculated. This increase can then be evaluated in reference to the water content specifications at the delivery points. The approach is exemplified by a 31 km NPS 48 pipeline over a mountainous terrain.
Sponsorship	Pipeline Division
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9780791851876
DOI	10.1115/IPC2018-78580
Volume Number	Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines
Conference Proceedings	2018 12th International Pipeline Conference
Language	English
Publisher Date	2018-09-24
Publisher Place	Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Water Air flow Temperature Gas flow Pipelines Evaporation Dewatering Pipes Pressure Natural gas Drying
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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