NDLI: MAKING MARKS SELF-REVEALING

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Volume 23, Issue 4, Oct. 1991

International perspectives

International perspectives: some thoughts on differences between North American and European HCI

The first Moscow international workshop on human-computer interaction

Standards factor

An agenda for human-computer interaction: science and engineering serving human needs

Abstracts of CHI'91 interactive posters and short talks

Interactive Posters

Interactive posters

ARTIST-DESIGNERS AND INTERACTION DESIGN

INTEGRATING USABILITY AND MARKETING ACTIVITIES

Interactive posters

Interactive posters

DECIDING THROUGH DOING

AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS FOR VARIABLE SELECTION LISTS

GESTURE CONSISTENCY FOR TEXT, SPREADSHEET, GRAPHIC AND FORM FILL EDITING

CONSISTENCY VERSUS MNEMONICS IN TEXT EDITOR COMMAND SETS

USER TESTING A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A TASK ANALYTIC METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING EASE OF LEARNING OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

UNDERSTANDING ERRORS IN HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

TRANSFER OF GENERAL SKILLS ACROSS DOMAINS: COMPUTER PROGRAM DEBUGGING AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF CIRCUITS

CONTROLLING INTERACTION WITH META-ACTS

WHAT DO PROGRAMMERS REALLY LOOK AT IN A PROGRAM

CHANGES IN USER TASK STRATEGY DUE TO SYSTEM RESPONSE DELAY

A tour through the AVIS UIMS

EMPOWERING INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS

THE DRUID USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

TASK PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION

DESIGNING GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES USING TAE PLUS

A VALIDATION OF ERGONOMIC CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF USER INTERFACES

EXPLANATIONS OF ARTIFACTS FOR DESIGN

USE OF THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM IN A USABILITY LABORATORY

COMPUTERIZED TASK ANALYSIS

EMPIRICISM VERSUS JUDGEMENT

USABILITY ANALYSIS WITH ARTIFACTS ON PANELS

MAKING MARKS SELF-REVEALING

USER INTERFACE DESIGN EXPERTISE AND LEARNING IN THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY

ELECTRONIC MAIL STANDARDS

MENIX: A UNIX USER ADAPTABLE INTERFACE

PROTOCOL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF A CAD SYSTEM IN A HOME DESIGN TASK

The evaluation of cursor control devices for space station freedom

WM: AN EXPLORATION IN SCREEN-BASED TELEPHONY

CLEARFACE: TRANSLUCENT MULTIUSER INTERFACE FOR TEAM WORKSTATION

USABILITY PROBLEMS OF RESIDENTIAL MULTIFUNCTION TERMINALS

CHILDREN'S USE OF A DIRECT MANIPULATION LIBRARY CATALOG

A TEXT COMPREHENSION MODEL OF HYPERTEXT

IDENTIFYING HIGH-LEVEL UNIX TASKS

UNDERUTILIZATION OF ARCHIVAL FACILITIES IN A UNIX ENVIRONMENT

TWO METHODS FOR PRODUCING DISCRIMINABLE COLOUR SETS FOR COMPUTER DISPLAYS

INSIGHT FROM SITUATED ACTION ANALYSIS

A COLLABORATIVE NEGOTIATION TOOL

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ICON QUALITY

AN AFTER-SCENARIO QUESTIONNAIRE FOR USABILITY STUDIES

WHAT MAKES A GOOD DESIGN QUESTION?

STORYBOARD-BASED PROGRAMMING TOOLS

AN OBJECT USER INTERFACE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

AN EMPIRICALLY DEVELOPED SYSTEM FOR THE SELECTION OF COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES FORUSERS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR CONTROL IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

REUSING SOLUTIONS IN SOFTWARE DESIGN ACTIVITY

A MULTIMEDIA INTERACTIVE CULTURAL SIMULATION

AURALIZATION OF PARALLEL PROGRAMS

SCREEN, PHONE, AND VOICE USER INTERFACES

THE MUTUAL ADAPTATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED LIBRARY SYSTEM

INTEREST DRIVEN EXPLORATION OF AN INFORMATION SPACE

Publication notes

Volume 23, Issue 3, July 1991

Volume 23, Issue 2, April 1991

Volume 23, Issue 1, Jan. 1991

MAKING MARKS SELF-REVEALING

Content Provider	ACM Digital Library
Author	Kurtenbach, Gordon
Abstract	A good interface is easy to use for both a novice and an expert user. For example, menu-driven interfaces are best for novices because they make explicit which commands are available. However expert users know the command set and thus prefer to have "short cuts" for invoking commands. Accelerator keys on keyboards are one example of giving experts short cuts. In pen-driven systems, markings can be used instead of accelerator keys.Usually there is a dramatic difference between novice and expert behavior at the level of physical action. For example, a novice may use a mouse to select from a men u whereas an expert may press an accelerator key. My goal is to reduce the discrepancy between actions without compromising efficiency for the expert and ease of learning for the novice. When the basic action of the novice and expert are the same, novice performance develops the skills necessary for expert performance, smoothing the transition from novice to expert.With this goal in mind, I have designed and implemented an interaction technique in which pie menus provide away of showing users the association between markings and commands they can invoke in pen-based interfaces. By adding a virtual ink trail to the path of the cursor, markings become the natural by-products of the strokes necessary to select a sector from a subdivided circular menu (or "pie").Figure 1 illustrates this technique in the context of creating three simple objects. An expert uses simple shorthand marks to create and place circles, square, or triangles. Object creation and placement is thus fast and efficient. Figure 2 shows how a novice, unsure of what marks to use, can pop-up a pie menu of these objects by keeping the pen pressed. The desired object can then be selected. It is critical to note that selection from the menu constitutes the same physical action as making the corresponding mark for that object. The novice is thus rehearsing the physical action used by an expert.An experiment to evaluate this technique revealed that markings could be used for selecting up to 5 items quickly and accurately. Adding more items is possible whe n metaphors are used to help the user remember mark/menu-item associations For example, the clock-face metaphor was found to be particularly useful. Finally it was found that with very little practice users' performance becam e substantially faster and less error-prone.
Starting Page	60
Ending Page	61
Page Count	2
File Format	PDF
ISSN	07366906
DOI	10.1145/126729.1056048
Journal	ACM SIGCHI Bulletin (SGCH)
Volume Number	23
Issue Number	4
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publisher Date	1992-07-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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