NDLI: Heads up!: biomechanical modeling and neuromuscular control of the neck

Content Provider	ACM Digital Library
Author	Lee, Sung-Hee Terzopoulos, Demetri
Copyright Year	2006
Abstract	Unlike the human face, the neck has been largely overlooked in the computer graphics literature, this despite its complex anatomical structure and the important role that it plays in supporting the head in balance while generating the controlled head movements that are essential to so many aspects of human behavior. This paper makes two major contributions. First, we introduce a biomechanical model of the human head-neck system. Emulating the relevant anatomy, our model is characterized by appropriate kinematic redundancy (7 cervical vertebrae coupled by 3-DOF joints) and muscle actuator redundancy (72 neck muscles arranged in 3 muscle layers). This anatomically consistent biomechanical model confronts us with a challenging motor control problem, even for the relatively simple task of balancing the mass of the head in gravity atop the cervical spine. Hence, our second contribution is a novel neuromuscular control model for human head animation that emulates the relevant biological motor control mechanisms. Incorporating low-level reflex and high-level voluntary sub-controllers, our hierarchical controller provides input motor signals to the numerous muscle actuators. In addition to head pose and movement, it controls the tone of mutually opposed neck muscles to regulate the stiffness of the head-neck multibody system. Employing machine learning techniques, the neural networks within our neuromuscular controller are trained offline to efficiently generate the online pose and tone control signals necessary to synthesize a variety of autonomous movements for the behavioral animation of the human head and face.
Starting Page	1188
Ending Page	1198
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	07300301
e-ISSN	15577368
DOI	10.1145/1141911.1142013
Volume Number	25
Issue Number	3
Journal	ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publisher Date	2006-07-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Biomechanical modeling Facial animation Hierarchical neuromuscular control Neck animation Neural network learning
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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