NDLI: ABO Blood Types

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Innate (Non-specific) Immune System

Adaptive Immune System

Classical Pathway of Complement System

Alternative Pathway of Complement System

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Class I and II)

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

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Mechanism of B-Lymphocytes

Alpha Beta T-cells

Gamma Delta T-Cells

Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response

Immunization, Active Immunity and Passive Immunity

Grafting, Organ Transplants and Immunosuppression

ABO Blood Types

ABO Blood Types (Part II)

Rh Factor and Rh Incompatibility

Autoimmunity (Autoimmune Diease)

Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

HIV, AIDS and Helper T-Cells

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Lymphatic System

ABO Blood Types

Content Provider	AK Lectures
Description	Humans have four blood groups or types - blood type A, blood type B, blood type AB and blood type O. These four different groups can be differentiated by the type of protein membrane that is found on the red blood cells within that particular individual. But what exactly determines the type of protein found on the membrane of red blood cells? Well each individual contains a gene on chromosome 9 of their karyotype that codes (or does not code) for the protein. This protein, once synthesized, is modified into a glycoprotein that is attached onto the membrane of their red blood cells. There are two types of glycoproteins or antigens - antigen A and antigen B. An individual that contains the gene that codes for one of these antigens will contain that antigen on their red blood cell membrane and not the other. Therefore, blood type A individuals have antigen A and not antigen B while blood type B individuals have antigen B and not antigen A. How will our immune system respond if we are missing an antigen? Well lets take the case of a blood type A individual. In this individual, they have antigen A but not antigen B. Since they have antigen A, the immune system will recognize this antigen as a self-antigen and will not attack it. On the other hand, since its missing antigen B, the immune system will readily produce antibodies against this antigen B (called antibody anti B). In the same way, a blood type B individual is missing antigen A and so will produce antibodies against antigen A (called antibody anti A). It turns out that the gene that codes for the blood type is co-dominant. This means that if the male parent donates lets say the blood type A allele while the female parent donates the blood type B allele, we produce an individual that will have genes for both antigens. This means that the red blood cells of a blood type AB individual will have both antigen A and antigen B on their membrane. They will not produce antibodies against either one of the antigens. It is also possible that an individual might not have any genes at all that code for antigen A or antigen B. This is possible when both parents donate an allele that does not code for either antigen. In such a case, the individual is said to have blood type O and they produce both antibody anti A and antibody anti B. Blood types are of particular importance during blood transfusion, the process of transferring blood from one individual to a different individual. If the blood types are not matched correctly, agglutination will take place and the foreign blood will be rejected.
Language	English
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Biology process importance allele agglutination antigen blood
Content Type	Video
Educational Role	Teacher Student
Educational Use	Self Learning Lecture Reading
Resource Type	Video Lecture
Education Level	Under Graduate
Subject	Life sciences; biology Diseases

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